Illangulién, ''Quiromanite'', ''Queupulien'' or ''Antiguenu'', was the

Mapuche The Mapuche ( , ) also known as Araucanians are a group of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of Patagonia. The collective term refers to a wide-ranging e ...

toqui Toqui (or Toki) (Mapudungun for ''axe'' or ''axe-bearer'') is a title conferred by the Mapuche (an indigenous Chilean and Argentines, Argentinian people) on those chosen as leaders during times of war. The toqui is chosen in an assembly or parl ...

(war leader) elected to replace

Lemucaguin Lemucaguin a native of Andalicán was the successor to Turcupichun as toqui of the Moluche Butalmapu north of the Biobío River in 1558. He organized a detachment of arquebusiers from weapons captured in the Battle of Marihueñu. He continued the w ...

Caupolicán the younger Caupolicán (meaning ‘polished flint’ (queupu) or ‘blue quartz stone’ (Kallfulikan) in Mapuche language, Mapudungun) was a ''toqui'' or war leader of the Mapuche people, who led the resistance of his people against the Conquistador, Spani ...

in 1559 following the Battle of Quiapo to his death in battle in the

Battle of Angol The Battle of Angol was fought between the Mapuche and the Spanish Empire on 25 March 1564 as part of Arauco War. In Los Infantes captain Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado had discovered that the rebels had constructed a '' pukara'' close by, establi ...

in 1564. After the campaign of García Hurtado de Mendoza that culminated in the Battle of Quiapo, many of the Mapuche warriors were dead or wounded and the population had been decimated by the effects of war, starvation and epidemic disease. Elected to by the remaining leaders shortly after the battle of Quiapo, Illangulién decided to let the nation offer apparent submission to the Spanish while he and a few warriors secretly retreated into the marshes of Lumaco. There they constructed a base where they would gather their strength and train a new generation of warriors for a future revolt. The murder of the hated

encomendero The ''encomienda'' () was a Spanish labour system that rewarded conquerors with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. In theory, the conquerors provided the labourers with benefits, including military protection and education. In pr ...

Pedro de Avendaño Pedro de Avendaño (1529-1561) was a Spanish-Basque soldier who fought in the Arauco War. He was known for capturing the Mapuche leader Caupolicán in 1558. Avendaño was later killed by the Mapuches in 1561. Avendaño was born around 1529 in the B ...

in July 1561 triggered a new general rising of the Mapuche greater than the previous ones. Illangulién after several years of hiding his activities in the swamps began to lead his forces out on raids on Spanish territory to season his newly trained warriors and live off the lands of their enemy. His forces clashed with those of the Spanish Governor Francisco de Villagra and defeated them several times in the next few years. After the death of Francisco de Villagra they fought the forces of his successor

Pedro de Villagra Pedro de Villagra y Martínez (1513 in Mombeltrán, Ávila Province – September 11, 1577 in Lima, Peru, Lima) was a Spanish soldier who participated in the conquest of Chile, being appointed its Royal Governor of Chile, Royal Governor between 15 ...

around the city of San Andrés de Los Infantes. During the

in a series of moves and counter moves between Illangulién and the garrison commander

Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado (c. 1530–1593) was a Spanish captain who was one of the more successful soldiers in the Arauco War in Chile rising to the rank of Maestre de Campo and temporary Capitán General of the Captaincy General of Chile. Lor ...

, the Toqui was able to blockade the town from impregnable fortresses as he moved his blockade closer and closer to the town. At last the garrison commander was able to catch a detachment of his opponents army in an awkward position along the bank of a nearby river and by driving them over a steep slope into the river killed over a thousand of them including the toqui Illangulien in 1564.Marmolejo, Historia ...(1536-1575), Capítulo XLVI

References

Sources

Juan Ignacio Molina Fr. Juan Ignacio Molina (; (June 24, 1740 – September 12, 1829) was a Chilean-Spanish Jesuit priest, natural history, naturalist, historian, translator, geographer, botanist, ornithologist, and linguist. He is usually referred to as Abate Moli ...

The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Volume II , Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, Paternoster-Row, London, 1809
*

Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo (1523–1575) was a Spanish conquistador and chronicler of the early conquest and settlement of the Captaincy General of Chile, and the start of the Arauco War. Biography Marmolejo was born in the town of Carmona, ...

br> Historia de Todas las Cosas que han Acaecido en el Reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado (1536-1575) (History of All the Things that Have happened in the Kingdom of Chile and of those that have governed it (1536-1575))
Edición digital a partir de Crónicas del Reino de Chile, Madrid, Atlas, 1960, pp. 75–224, (on line in Spanish) * Diego de Rosales, “Historia General del Reino de Chile”, Flandes Indiano, 3 tomos. Valparaíso 1877 - 1878. *
Historia general de el Reino de Chile: Flandes Indiano, Tomo II
(1554-1625) {{DEFAULTSORT:Illangulien 16th-century Mapuche people 1564 deaths People of the Arauco War Military personnel killed in action 16th-century indigenous leaders of the Americas Year of birth unknown