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The Ikarus 451 is a family of
research aircraft Research is creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge. It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to c ...
designs built in the former
Yugoslavia , common_name = Yugoslavia , life_span = 1918–19921941–1945: World War II in Yugoslavia#Axis invasion and dismemberment of Yugoslavia, Axis occupation , p1 = Kingdom of SerbiaSerbia , flag_p ...
in the 1950s by the
Belgrade Belgrade is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Serbia, largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin, Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. T ...
-based manufacturer Ikarus (now
Ikarbus Ikarbus a.d. (full legal name: ''Ikarbus – Fabrika autobusa i specijalnih vozila a.d.'') is a Serbian bus manufacturer based in Zemun, Belgrade. It was originally established as an aircraft manufacturer in 1923, under the name Ikarus. In 1954 ...
), all sharing the same basic
airframe The mechanical structure of an aircraft is known as the airframe. This structure is typically considered to include the fuselage, undercarriage, empennage and wings, and excludes the propulsion system. Airframe design is a field of aeros ...
, but differing in powerplants and
cockpit A cockpit or flight deck is the area, on the front part of an aircraft, spacecraft, or submersible, from which a pilot controls the vehicle. The cockpit of an aircraft contains flight instruments on an instrument panel, and the controls th ...
arrangements. One member of the family Ikarus 451M became the first domestically-built
jet aircraft A jet aircraft (or simply jet) is an aircraft (nearly always a fixed-wing aircraft) propelled by one or more jet engines. Whereas the engines in Propeller (aircraft), propeller-powered aircraft generally achieve their maximum efficiency at much ...
to fly in Yugoslavia on 25 October 1952. It was succeeded by the Ikarus 452.


Design, development, and variants

To research
prone pilot A prone pilot lies on their stomach rather than seated in a normal upright or reclining position. During the 1930s, glider designer Reimar Horten began developing a prone position for his flying wing gliders. However it proved uncomfortable and ...
cockpit arrangements and controls, the Yugoslav Government Aircraft Factories developed the Ikarus 232 Pionir, a small twin-engined
low-wing A monoplane is a fixed-wing aircraft configuration with a single mainplane, in contrast to a biplane or other types of multiplanes, which have multiple wings. A monoplane has inherently the highest efficiency and lowest drag of any wing config ...
monoplane A monoplane is a fixed-wing aircraft configuration with a single mainplane, in contrast to a biplane or other types of multiplanes, which have multiple wings. A monoplane has inherently the highest efficiency and lowest drag of any wing con ...
, powered by 2x Walter Mikron III
piston engines A reciprocating engine, more often known as a piston engine, is a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert high temperature and high pressure into a rotating motion. This article describes the common features of all ...
.


Type 451

An enlarged version of the Pionir was developed as the Type 451, powered by 2x Walter Minor 6-III six-cylinder piston engines of each. The Type 451 had a 6.7 m (22 ft)
wingspan The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the opposite wingtip. For example, the Boeing 777–200 has a wingspan of , and a wandering albatross (''Diomedea exulans'') caught in 1965 had a wingsp ...
, a maximum speed of 335 km/h (182
knots A knot is a fastening in rope or interwoven lines. Knot or knots may also refer to: Other common meanings * Knot (unit), of speed * Knot (wood), a timber imperfection Arts, entertainment, and media Films * ''Knots'' (film), a 2004 film * ''Kn ...
), and a
ceiling A ceiling is an overhead interior roof that covers the upper limits of a room. It is not generally considered a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside of the roof structure or the floor of a story above. Ceilings can ...
of 4750 m (15,570 ft). It first flew in 1952. It also accommodated the pilot in
prone position Prone position () is a body position in which the person lies flat with the chest down and the back up. In anatomical terms of location, the dorsal side is up, and the ventral side is down. The supine position is the 180° contrast. Etymology T ...
, but was an otherwise conventional low-wing monoplane with retractable
tailwheel Conventional landing gear, or tailwheel-type landing gear, is an aircraft undercarriage consisting of two main wheels forward of the center of gravity and a small wheel or skid to support the tail.Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Term ...
undercarriage Undercarriage is the part of a moving vehicle that is underneath the main body of the vehicle. The term originally applied to this part of a horse-drawn carriage, and usage has since broadened to include: *The landing gear of an aircraft. *The ch ...
, the main units of which retracted backwards into the engine nacelles mounted below the wings.


451M Mlazni

By the end of 1952, the Type 451 was followed by the 451M Mlazni ("Jet") which had conventional seating for the pilot. In place of the two Walter Minor 6-III inline engines of the original Ikarus 451, the 451M was fitted with
Turbomeca Palas The Turbomeca Palas is a diminutive centrifugal force, centrifugal flow turbojet engine used to power light aircraft. An enlargement of the Turbomeca Piméné, the Palas was designed in 1950 by the French manufacturer Turbomeca, Société Turbo ...
turbojets The turbojet is an airbreathing jet engine which is typically used in aircraft. It consists of a gas turbine with a propelling nozzle. The gas turbine has an air inlet which includes inlet guide vanes, a compressor, a combustion chamber, a ...
. In this version, the undercarriage retracted inwards. Provision was made to carry one 20 mm Hispano Suiza 404A
cannon A cannon is a large-caliber gun classified as a type of artillery, which usually launches a projectile using explosive chemical propellant. Gunpowder ("black powder") was the primary propellant before the invention of smokeless powder during th ...
under the fuselage, plus six RS rockets under the wings. Further developments were aimed at developing a viable
military aircraft A military aircraft is any Fixed-wing aircraft, fixed-wing or rotorcraft, rotary-wing aircraft that is operated by a legal or insurrectionary military of any type. Some military aircraft engage directly in aerial warfare, while others take on su ...
from this basic design.


S-451M Zolja

The S-451M Zolja ("Wasp") that flew in 1954 featured a stretched
fuselage The fuselage (; from the French language, French ''fuselé'' "spindle-shaped") is an aircraft's main body section. It holds Aircrew, crew, passengers, or cargo. In single-engine aircraft, it will usually contain an Aircraft engine, engine as wel ...
,
folding wings A folding wing is a wing configuration design feature of aircraft to save space and is typical of carrier-based aircraft that operate from the limited deck space of aircraft carriers. The folding allows the aircraft to occupy less space in a con ...
, and redesigned engine nacelles, now in the same plane as the wing rather than being hung under them. In 1960 a S-451M Zolja set an
airspeed record An air speed record is the highest airspeed attained by an aircraft of a particular class. The rules for all official aviation records are defined by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), which also ratifies any claims. Speed records ...
with a takeoff weight from to , flying at 500.2 km/hour.


J-451MM Stršljen

The S-451 Zola was developed into an armed version, the J-451MM Stršljen ("Hornet") intended for the
close air support Close air support (CAS) is defined as aerial warfare actions—often air-to-ground actions such as strafes or airstrikes—by military aircraft against hostile targets in close proximity to friendly forces. A form of fire support, CAS requires ...
(''Jurisnik'') role, with Turbomeca Marbore engines boasting over twice the
thrust Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton's third law. When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction, the accelerated mass will cause a force of equal magnitude but opposite direction to be applied to that ...
of those used on earlier aircraft, and an armament increased to two HS.404 cannon carried under the fuselage. The J-451MM Stršljen also differed from preceding designs in having a
tricycle undercarriage Tricycle gear is a type of aircraft undercarriage, or ''landing gear'', that is arranged in a tricycle fashion. The tricycle arrangement has one or more nose wheels in a single front undercarriage and two or more main wheels slightly aft of th ...
.


S-451MM Matica

The J-451MM Stršljen configuration then formed the basis for the S-451MM Matica ("Queen bee") two-seat trainer that set an airspeed record for aircraft weighing between and , achieving 750.34 km/hour (466.24 mph) in 1957. It was also developed into the T-451MM Stršljen II single-seat
aerobatics Aerobatics is the practice of flying maneuvers involving aircraft attitudes that are not used in conventional passenger-carrying flights. The term is a portmanteau of "aeroplane" and "acrobatics". Aerobatics are performed in aeroplanes and gl ...
trainer. No member of the family was produced in any number. The 451, 451M, and J-451MM are all preserved at the
Aeronautical Museum Belgrade The Aeronautical Museum Belgrade, formerly known as the Yugoslav Aeronautical Museum, is a museum located in Surčin, Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. Founded in 1957, the museum is located adjacent to Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport. The current f ...
.


Variants summary


232 Pionir

(''Pionir'' – Pioneer) A small twin-engined prone-pilot research aircraft, powered by 2x Walter Mikron III piston engines. (1 built)


S-451

A larger, more powerful version of the Pionir, powered by 2x Walter Minor 6-III piston engines and also incorporating a prone pilot cockpit. (1 built)


S-451M

(''Mlazni'' – Jet). Derived directly from the S-451 airframe, the S-451M substituted Turbomeca Palas turbojet engines for the piston engines, in underslung nacelles at the same positions on the wing and conventional cockpit.


S-451M Zolja

(''Zolja'' – Wasp). Flown in 1954, the S-451M Zolja featured a stretched fuselage, folding wings, and engine nacelles centred on the wing chordline. Powered by 2x Turbomeca Palas 056A turbojet engines; set a world speed record in its class in 1960.


J-451MM Stršljen

J – ''Jurisnik'' – (close air support) (''Stršljen'' – Hornet). The intended production close support version with tricycle undercarriage, Turbomeca Marbore engines and cannon armament. (1 built).


S-451MM Matica

(''Matica'' – Queen bee). Two-seat trainer version, used for a world speed record in 1957.


T-451MM Stršljen II

A single seat aerobatic trainer, fitted with more ammunition and maximum ordnance weight was slightly increased.


Specifications (451M)


See also

* Ikarus 452


References

*


External links


Ikarus S-451M
(Specifications, photos, scheme...)
Ikarus T-451M Stršljen ("Hornet") photo

Ikarus S-451, 451M & S-451MM Matica ("Queen bee") photos

Ikarus T-451M Stršljen ("Hornet") & T-451MM Stršljen II ("Hornet II") photos
{{Ikarus aircraft Ikarus aircraft 1950s Yugoslav experimental aircraft Prone pilot aircraft Twinjets Low-wing aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1952