Igor Ekhielevich Dzyaloshinskii, (Игорь Ехиельевич Дзялошинский, surname sometimes transliterated as Dzyaloshinsky, Dzyaloshinski, Dzyaloshinskiĭ, or Dzyaloshinkiy, 1February 193114July 2021) was a Russian theoretical physicist, known for his research on "magnetism,

multiferroics Multiferroics are defined as materials that exhibit more than one of the primary ferroic properties in the same phase: * ferromagnetism – a magnetisation that is switchable by an applied magnetic field * ferroelectricity – an electric polari ...

liquid crystal Liquid crystal (LC) is a state of matter whose properties are between those of conventional liquids and those of solid crystals. For example, a liquid crystal can flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be oriented in a common direction as i ...

van der Waals force In molecular physics and chemistry, the van der Waals force (sometimes van der Waals' force) is a distance-dependent interaction between atoms or molecules. Unlike ionic or covalent bonds, these attractions do not result from a chemical elec ...

s, and applications of methods of

quantum field theory In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines Field theory (physics), field theory and the principle of relativity with ideas behind quantum mechanics. QFT is used in particle physics to construct phy ...

". In particular he is known for the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction.

Biography

He was born in Moscow to a Jewish family. His father, Yechiel Moiseevich Dzyaloshinskii (1897–1942), a native of

Kalush, Ukraine Kalush ( ) is a city set in the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains, in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is the administrative centre of Kalush Raion (district) and hosts the administration of Kalush urban hromada, one ...

, died in captivity in early 1942. The first in his family to attend a university, Igor E. Dzyaloshinskii graduated in 1953 from the faculty of physics of

Moscow State University Moscow State University (MSU), officially M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University,. is a public university, public research university in Moscow, Russia. The university includes 15 research institutes, 43 faculties, more than 300 departments, a ...

. Dzyaloshinski pursued graduate study at the Institute of Physics of the

Russian Academy of Sciences The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such ...

, where he received in 1957 his Russian

Candidate of Sciences A Candidate of Sciences is a Doctor of Philosophy, PhD-equivalent academic research degree in all the post-Soviet countries with the exception of Ukraine, and until the 1990s it was also awarded in Central and Eastern European countries. It is ...

degree (Ph.D.) with a thesis on weak ferromagnetism under the supervision of

Lev Landau Lev Davidovich Landau (; 22 January 1908 – 1 April 1968) was a Soviet physicist who made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. He was considered as one of the last scientists who were universally well-versed and ma ...

.Дзялошинский Игорь Ехиельевич, Статья на сайте «Летопись Московского университета» (article from "Chronicle of Moscow State University)
/ref> Weak ferromagnetism is "a small spontaneous magnetic moment in certain classes of antiferromagnetic materials". Its explanation involves

exchange interaction In chemistry and physics, the exchange interaction is a quantum mechanical constraint on the states of indistinguishable particles. While sometimes called an exchange force, or, in the case of fermions, Pauli repulsion, its consequences cannot alw ...

s based upon "concepts of the magnetic symmetry of crystals". In 1962 Dzyaloshinskii received his Russian

Doctor of Sciences A Doctor of Sciences, abbreviated д-р наук or д. н.; ; ; ; is a higher doctoral degree in the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and many Commonwealth of Independent States countries. One of the prerequisites of receiving a Doctor of Sciences ...

degree (

habilitation Habilitation is the highest university degree, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in Germany, France, Italy, Poland and some other European and non-English-speaking countries. The candidate fulfills a university's set criteria of excelle ...

). His Russian doctoral thesis dealt with application of quantum field theory methods in statistical physics. In 1964 he was one of the founding members of the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics in Moscow. He was until 1972 a professor at the

Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT; , also known as PhysTech), is a public university, public research university located in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It prepares specialists in theoretical physics, theoretical and applied physics, ...

and from 1972 to 1989 at Moscow State University. Between 1958 and 1961, with Alexei Abrikosov and

Lev Gor'kov Lev Petrovich Gor'kov (; 14 June 1929 – 28 December 2016) was a Russian-American research physicist internationally known for his pioneering work in the field of superconductivity. He was particularly famous for developing microscopic foundations ...

, he published important works on the application of methods of

in statistical physics (''e.g.'' the theory of superconductivity) and many-particle theory, about which the three also wrote an outstanding textbook Методы квантовой теории поля в статистической физике, which was published in Russian in 1961 and in English translation as ''Quantum field theory methods in statistical physics'' in 1963. Dzaloshinskii did important research with

Lev Pitaevskii Lev Petrovich Pitaevskii ( ; 18 January 1933 – 23 August 2022) was a Russian theoretical physicist, who made contributions to the theory of quantum mechanics, electrodynamics, low-temperature physics, plasma physics, and condensed matter physi ...

in solving "the problem of the van der Waals forces between bodies separated by an absorbing liquid" and with Yury Bychkov and Lev Gor’kov on the "problem of superconducting and charge-density-wave instabilities in 1D conductors". Dzyaloshinskii and

Anatoly Larkin Anatoly Ivanovich Larkin (; October 14, 1932 – August 4, 2005) was a Russian theoretical physicist, universally recognised as a leader in theory of condensed matter, and who was also a celebrated teacher of several generations of theorists. Bo ...

in the 1970s published "a solution to the Luttinger-liquid problem that is central to the theory of 1D Fermi systems and to the bosonization technique." In 1991 he immigrated to the United States and soon became a professor at the

University of California, Irvine The University of California, Irvine (UCI or UC Irvine) is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Irvine, California, United States. One of the ten campuses of the University of California system, U ...

(UCI), where he eventually retired as professor emeritus. In the last years of his career, he did research on violation of time-parity in magneto-optics and the condensed matter physics of

Fermi liquid Fermi liquid theory (also known as Landau's Fermi-liquid theory) is a theoretical model of interacting fermions that describes the normal state of the conduction electrons in most metals at sufficiently low temperatures. The theory describes the ...

s and non-Fermi liquids. Dzyaloshinskii applied diagram methods to finite-temperature transport problems. He conjectured the existence of phase transitions without fixed points of the

renormalization group In theoretical physics, the renormalization group (RG) is a formal apparatus that allows systematic investigation of the changes of a physical system as viewed at different scales. In particle physics, it reflects the changes in the underlying p ...

. He was involved in the formulation of the Matsubara formalism (

Takeo Matsubara was a Japanese physicist. Matsubara proposed a method of statistical mechanics related to Green's function (many-body theory), by applying quantum field theory techniques to statistical physics. This method, commonly known as Matsubara Green's ...

, 1955). Dzyaloshinskii was awarded in 1972 the Lomonosov Prize, in 1975 the

Order of the Badge of Honour The Order of the Badge of Honour () was a civilian award of the Soviet Union. It was established on 25 November 1935, and was conferred on citizens of the USSR for outstanding achievements in sports, production, scientific research and socia ...

, in 1981 the

Order of the Red Banner of Labour The Order of the Red Banner of Labour () was an order of the Soviet Union established to honour great deeds and services to the Soviet state and society in the fields of production, science, culture, literature, the arts, education, sports ...

, in 1984 the

USSR State Prize The USSR State Prize () was one of the Soviet Union’s highest civilian honours, awarded from its establishment in September 1966 until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. It recognised outstanding contributions in the fields of science, mathem ...

, and in 1989 the

Landau Prize The Landau Gold Medal () is the highest award in theoretical physics awarded by the Russian Academy of Sciences and its predecessor the Soviet Academy of Sciences. It was established in 1971 and is named after Soviet physicist and Nobel Laurea ...

. He was elected in 1974 a corresponding member of the

Soviet Academy of Sciences The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1991. It united the country's leading scientists and was subordinated directly to the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (un ...

, in 1991 an honorary foreign member of the

American Academy of Arts & Sciences The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (The Academy) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, and other F ...

, in 1996 a fellow of the

American Physical Society The American Physical Society (APS) is a not-for-profit membership organization of professionals in physics and related disciplines, comprising nearly fifty divisions, sections, and other units. Its mission is the advancement and diffusion of ...

, and in 2002 a fellow of the

American Association for the Advancement of Science The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is a United States–based international nonprofit with the stated mission of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsib ...

. He married in 1960. Upon his death, he was survived by his widow, their daughter, three grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren.

Selected publications

Articles

* * Gorkov, Abrikosov, & Dzyaloshinski ''On the application of Quantum field theory methods to problems of quantum statistics at finite temperature'', Sov.Phys.JETP, Vol. 9, 1959, p. 636 (JETP, Vol. 36, 1959, p. 900) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Books

* Abrikosov, Gorkov, & Dzyaloshinskii ''Quantum field theory methods in statistical physics'', Prentice Hall 1963,p.78p. 79
/ref> 2nd edition Pergamon Press 1965
new edition Dover 1975

References

External links

* (publication list) {{DEFAULTSORT:Dzyaloshinskii, Igor 1931 births 2021 deaths Russian theoretical physicists Condensed matter physicists Soviet Jewish physicists Jewish American physicists Jewish Russian physicists 20th-century Russian physicists 21st-century Russian physicists 20th-century American physicists 21st-century American physicists American people of Russian-Jewish descent Moscow State University alumni Academic staff of Moscow State University Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology University of California, Irvine faculty Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellows of the American Physical Society Recipients of the USSR State Prize Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Scientists from Moscow American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent