Ignatz Leo Nascher
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Ignatz Leo Nascher (11 October 1863 – 25 December 1944) was an
Austrian-American Austrian Americans (, ) are Americans of Austrian descent, chiefly German-speaking Catholics and Jews. According to the 2000 U.S. census, there were 735,128 Americans of full or partial Austrian descent, accounting for 0.3% of the population. T ...
medical doctor and
gerontologist Gerontology ( ) is the study of the social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of aging. The word was coined by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov in 1903, from the Greek ('), meaning "old man", and ('), meaning "study of". The fi ...
. He coined the term "
geriatrics Geriatrics, or geriatric medicine, is a medical specialty focused on addressing the unique health needs of older adults. The term ''geriatrics'' originates from the Greek γέρων ''geron'' meaning "old man", and ιατρός ''iatros'' mean ...
" in 1909. Born in Vienna, Nascher immigrated to the United States at a young age. He graduated from
Columbia University Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ...
and received an M.D. from
New York University New York University (NYU) is a private university, private research university in New York City, New York, United States. Chartered in 1831 by the New York State Legislature, NYU was founded in 1832 by Albert Gallatin as a Nondenominational ...
. After more than two decades in private practice, Nascher began publishing his ideas on geriatrics. His theories, initially published in the ''New York Medical Journal'', helped lay the groundwork for the modern study of
ageing Ageing (or aging in American English) is the process of becoming older until death. The term refers mainly to humans, many other animals, and fungi; whereas for example, bacteria, perennial plants and some simple animals are potentially biol ...
and
elder care Elderly care, or simply eldercare (also known in parts of the English-speaking world as aged care), serves the needs of old adults. It encompasses assisted living, adult daycare, long-term care, nursing homes (often called residential care), hos ...
. In later life, Nascher worked for the city of New York as a medical administrator and attempted to put some of his ideas into effect. As he aged, Nascher studied and described his and his wife's medical issues. In 1942, Nascher was elected in an honorary role as the first president of the
American Geriatrics Society The American Geriatrics Society (AGS) is a non-profit professional society founded on June 11, 1942, for health care professionals practicing geriatric medicine. Among the founding physicians were Dr. Ignatz Leo Nascher, who coined the term "geri ...
, and died in 1944. Gerontologist A.M. Clarfield wrote in 1990 that Nascher was "a pioneer and a prophet, a man clearly ahead of his time."


Early life and education

Nascher was born in
Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...
, Austria on 11 October 1863. Immigrating to the US with his family as an infant, he was raised in a New York City
tenement A tenement is a type of building shared by multiple dwellings, typically with flats or apartments on each floor and with shared entrance stairway access. They are common on the British Isles, particularly in Scotland. In the medieval Old Town, E ...
without hot water. Nascher first attended City College and subsequently transferred to the New York College of Pharmacy, which would become part of
Columbia University Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ...
. In 1882, at the age of 19, he graduated with a degree in pharmacy. Three years later, he received his M.D. from New York University. He began his career in private practice, first at
Mount Sinai Mount Sinai, also known as Jabal Musa (), is a mountain on the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt. It is one of several locations claimed to be the Mount Sinai (Bible), biblical Mount Sinai, the place where, according to the sacred scriptures of the thre ...
hospital and subsequently opening his own practice. Nascher and his wife, Augusta Lanzit, were married in 1886. They had two children—Eugene, born 1887, and Ansel, born in 1890. Nascher was a lifelong Democrat and attended every inauguration of a Democratic president between 1885 (
Cleveland Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located along the southern shore of Lake Erie, it is situated across the Canada–U.S. maritime border and approximately west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania st ...
) and 1936 (
Roosevelt Roosevelt most often refers to two American presidents: * Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919, president 1901–1909), 26th president of the United States * Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945, president 1933–death), 32nd president of the United State ...
's second). Little is known of his time in private practice, although he did publish at least two journal articles, one focusing on embryology (1889) and the other on prostitution (1908). Nascher also wrote a book focused on urban poverty, ''The Wretches of Povertyville: A Sociological Study of the Bowery'', published in 1909. Nascher's work contained the argument (described as a "typical example" of racist attitudes of the time by academic Mara Keire) that
opium addiction Opium (also known as poppy tears, or Lachryma papaveris) is the dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy ''Papaver somniferum''. Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which is ...
was required for white prostitutes to find sex with Chinese-American johns endurable.


Geriatrics

In 1909, Nascher published a groundbreaking article entitled "Geriatrics" in the ''New York Medical Journal'' (1909; 90: 358-9). He wrote, "''Geriatrics'', from ''geras'',
old age Old age is the range of ages for people nearing and surpassing life expectancy. People who are of old age are also referred to as: old people, elderly, elders, senior citizens, seniors or older adults. Old age is not a definite biological sta ...
, and ''iatrikos'', relating to the physician, is a term I would suggest as an addition to our
vocabulary A vocabulary (also known as a lexicon) is a set of words, typically the set in a language or the set known to an individual. The word ''vocabulary'' originated from the Latin , meaning "a word, name". It forms an essential component of languag ...
to cover the same field that is covered in old age that is covered by the term
pediatrics Pediatrics (American English) also spelled paediatrics (British English), is the branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants, children, Adolescence, adolescents, and young adults. In the United Kingdom, pediatrics covers many o ...
in
childhood A child () is a human being between the stages of childbirth, birth and puberty, or between the Development of the human body, developmental period of infancy and puberty. The term may also refer to an unborn human being. In English-speaking ...
, to emphasize the necessity of considering
senility Dementia is a syndrome associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by a general decline in cognitive abilities that affects a person's ability to perform everyday activities. This typically involves problems with memory, ...
and its disease apart from maturity and to assign it a separate place in
medicine Medicine is the science and Praxis (process), practice of caring for patients, managing the Medical diagnosis, diagnosis, prognosis, Preventive medicine, prevention, therapy, treatment, Palliative care, palliation of their injury or disease, ...
." His 1909 article broke with prevailing views on
aging Ageing (or aging in American English) is the process of becoming Old age, older until death. The term refers mainly to humans, many other animals, and fungi; whereas for example, bacteria, perennial plants and some simple animals are potentiall ...
. Nascher wrote that "senility is a distinct period of
life Life, also known as biota, refers to matter that has biological processes, such as Cell signaling, signaling and self-sustaining processes. It is defined descriptively by the capacity for homeostasis, Structure#Biological, organisation, met ...
, a physiological entity as much so as the period of a
childhood A child () is a human being between the stages of childbirth, birth and puberty, or between the Development of the human body, developmental period of infancy and puberty. The term may also refer to an unborn human being. In English-speaking ...
." This emphasis on physiological processes and mechanisms of aging and
senescence Senescence () or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of Function (biology), functional characteristics in living organisms. Whole organism senescence involves an increase in mortality rate, death rates or a decrease in fecundity with ...
challenged the "pathological model" of aging that was then "the primary focus of medical researchers, including Nobel Laureate
Elie Metchnikoff Elie may refer to: People * Elie (given name) * Elie (surname) Places *Elie, Fife, a village in Scotland, now part of the town of Elie and Earlsferry *Elie, Manitoba, Canada **Elie, Manitoba tornado See also *Elie Hall, Grenada *Elie House, cou ...
." Nascher addressed and rejected Metchnikoff's theory that aging was caused by tissue
phagocytosis Phagocytosis () is the process by which a cell (biology), cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (≥ 0.5 μm), giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. It is one type of endocytosis. A cell that performs ph ...
and "autointoxication" (the absorption of intestinal decompositions), for which Metchnikoff prescribed yoghurt. Nascher argued that the disease and medical care of the aged should be considered a separate specialty. His published research included the first U.S. textbook on geriatric medicine. Initially, Nascher encountered resistance from his American colleagues. Nascher may have been inspired by developments in geriatric care in Austria, which he witnessed during repeated visits, including Arnold Lorand's 1910 book ''Old Age Deferred''. Nascher had difficulty finding a publisher for his 1914 book, ''Geriatrics: The Diseases of Old Age and Their Treatment'' (Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co). It was the first American publication on geriatrics published since 1881 (''Clinical Lectures on the Diseases of Old Age).'' The book, which begins with an introduction by
Abraham Jacobi Abraham Jacobi (6 May 1830 – 10 July 1919) was a German physician and pioneer of pediatrics. He was a key figure in the movement to improve child healthcare and welfare in the United States and opened the first children's clinic in the country ...
, has three major sections: physiologic old age, pathologic old age and a sociological analysis of elder care. Nascher argued that "
senescence Senescence () or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of Function (biology), functional characteristics in living organisms. Whole organism senescence involves an increase in mortality rate, death rates or a decrease in fecundity with ...
is not due to any one cause" and that "disease is not (always) a causative or even an essential factor", views which are now widespread among gerontologists. A retrospective review of the book, published for its 100th anniversary in 2014, described its "pleasing, rambling tone," and noted Nascher's prescient view of functional capacity. The reviewer compared the book (in relation to the field of gerontology) to a
Ship of Theseus The Ship of Theseus, also known as Theseus's Paradox, is a paradox and a common thought experiment about whether an object is the same object after having all of its original components replaced over time, typically one after the other. In Gre ...
, which set in motion the whole area of study, but of which only "a few of the original timbers remain".


Later life

Nascher founded the
New York Geriatrics Society New or NEW may refer to: Music * New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz * ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013 ** "New" (Paul McCartney song), 2013 * ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, 1995 * "New" (Daya song), 2017 * "New" (No Doubt song), 19 ...
in 1915. Leaving private practice, he began working as Physician to the New York City Department of Public Welfare in 1916. The next year, he began writing a recurring column on geriatrics in the ''Medical Review of Reviews''. In 1925, he was made Chief Physician of the Department of Hospitals, but was required in 1929 to retire due to age. However, in 1931 he successfully pushed to become leader of the City Farm Colony medical facility on
Roosevelt Island Roosevelt Island is an island in New York City's East River, within the Borough (New York City), borough of Manhattan. It lies between Manhattan Island to the west, and the borough of Queens, on Long Island, to the east. It is about long, wit ...
, which later became
Coler-Goldwater Specialty Hospital Coler Specialty Hospital is a chronic care facility on New York City's Roosevelt Island that provides services such as rehabilitation and specialty nursing. The hospital was formed in 1996 by the merger of two separate chronic care hospitals on ...
. Nascher wrote that he hoped "to change the antiquated methods dealing with aged public dependents," and credited himself with focusing on their revitalization and rehabilitation. Nascher and his wife, Augusta, traveled extensively in Europe, Asia, and South America, and also took an annual trip to
Poughkeepsie Poughkeepsie ( ) is a city within the Town of Poughkeepsie, New York. It is the county seat of Dutchess County, with a 2020 census population of 31,577. Poughkeepsie is in the Hudson River Valley region, midway between the core of the New ...
in upstate New York. Beginning in the late 1930s, as his wife's mental condition declined, Nascher cared for her with "devotion" and also kept notes, which he developed into his last published paper, "The Aging Mind." He continued their trips to Poughkeepsie, although she had little memory, because of the "momentary pleasure" they gave her. Nascher himself was money-stressed and suffering from a foot ailment and
angina Angina, also known as angina pectoris, is chest pain or pressure, usually caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium). It is most commonly a symptom of coronary artery disease. Angina is typically the result of parti ...
; given his medical interests, Nascher was observant of his own aging, and wrote extensively on his health. He continued to travel vigorously, self-reliant, until very near to his death. He was named the
American Geriatrics Society The American Geriatrics Society (AGS) is a non-profit professional society founded on June 11, 1942, for health care professionals practicing geriatric medicine. Among the founding physicians were Dr. Ignatz Leo Nascher, who coined the term "geri ...
's honorary president at their first meeting in June 1942. The Nascher/Manning Award for Lifetime Achievement in Geriatrics, which is awarded by the Society, is named after him. Augusta died in 1943. In the last year of his life, he listened extensively to the radio, and celebrated the Democratic victory in the 1944 election, saying that he was in his "second childhood." Nascher died on Christmas (December 25) 1944.


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nascher, Ignatz Leo 1863 births 1944 deaths American geriatricians Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States