Igiliz
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Igiliz (; ) is a
medieval In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of World history (field), global history. It began with the fall of the West ...
village located in the rural commune of
Toughmart Tighmert is a small town and rural commune in Taroudant Province of the Souss-Massa-Drâa region of Morocco Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has coastlines on the Mediterra ...
on the edge of the
Sous The Sous region (also spelt Sus, Suss, Souss or Sousse) (, ) is a historical, cultural and geographical region of Morocco, which constitutes part of the region administration of Souss-Massa and Guelmim-Oued Noun. The region is known for the en ...
valley in the
Anti-Atlas The Anti-Atlas, also known as Lesser Atlas or Little Atlas, is a mountain range in Morocco, a part of the Atlas Mountains in the northwest of Africa. The Anti-Atlas extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the southwest toward the northeast, to the heig ...
mountains of
Morocco Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to Algeria–Morocc ...
. It is most known for being the birthplace of
Ibn Tumart Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn Tūmart (, ca. 1080–1130) was a Muslim religion, religious scholar, teacher and political leader, from the Sous in southern present-day Morocco. He founded and served as the spiritual and first military leader ...
, founder of the
Almohad caliphate The Almohad Caliphate (; or or from ) or Almohad Empire was a North African Berbers, Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th century. At its height, it controlled much of the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) and North Africa (the Maghreb). Th ...
. The village was known as place of
pilgrimage A pilgrimage is a travel, journey to a holy place, which can lead to a personal transformation, after which the pilgrim returns to their daily life. A pilgrim (from the Latin ''peregrinus'') is a traveler (literally one who has come from afar) w ...
by Ibn Tumart's followers during Almohad rule. As the Almohad caliphate collapsed, the village's location had become lost over time and was believed to be fictional until its discovery in 2006 with archeological searches starting in 2008. In 2022, the Igiliz archeological site was listed as a national historic monument. In 2023, the site was opened to visitors and tourists.


Etymology

Igiliz is a
toponym Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of ''wikt:toponym, toponyms'' (proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage, and types. ''Toponym'' is the general term for ...
in Berber that can be translated to "mountain peak" or "isolated mountain". The village's full name in Berber, Igiliz-n-Warghen (, ), refers to the native Arghen tribe within the
Masmuda The Masmuda (, Berber: ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⴷⵏ) is a Berber tribal confederation , one of the largest in the Maghreb, along with the Zenata and the Sanhaja. Today, the Masmuda confederacy largely corresponds to the speakers of the Tashelhit lan ...
tribal confederation.


Architecture

Igiliz is fortified by two defense walls. There is a residential complex, the Qasba, centered around two courtyards. There is the presence of two places of worship, including a large mosque. Artificial caves, former quarries, were used as places of spiritual retreat and pilgrimage.


History and lifestyle

The village was built in the 11th century by the Arghen, Ibn Tumart's tribe, as a
ribāṭ A ribāṭ (; hospice, hostel, base or retreat) is an Arabic term, initially designating a small fortification built along a frontier during the first years of the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb to house military volunteers, called ''murabitun' ...
. Ceramics jars, lamps, plates, braziers, pans, marmites,
couscoussier A couscoussier () is a traditional double-chambered food steamer used in North African and Berber cuisine (particularly, the cuisines of Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco) to cook couscous. This container is composed of: * from a lower part, t ...
s, flowerpots and a bread oven were found in the archeological site. It is theorized that the community in Igiliz held a market every Friday, to correspond with the
Friday sermon Friday prayer, or congregational prayer (), is the meeting together of Muslims for communal prayer and service at midday every Friday. In Islam, the day itself is called ''Yawm al-Jum'ah'' (shortened to ''Jum'ah''), which translated from Arabic me ...
, to exchange goods and news, settle disputes, negotiate marriage, and maintain contact with the larger Masmuda confederation. In 1120, Ibn Tumart exiled himself in a cave in his birthplace of Igiliz fearing
Almoravid The Almoravid dynasty () was a Berber Muslim dynasty centered in the territory of present-day Morocco. It established an empire that stretched over the western Maghreb and Al-Andalus, starting in the 1050s and lasting until its fall to the Almo ...
leadership, he proclaimed himself as the
Mahdi The Mahdi () is a figure in Islamic eschatology who is believed to appear at the Eschatology, End of Times to rid the world of evil and injustice. He is said to be a descendant of Muhammad in Islam, Muhammad, and will appear shortly before Jesu ...
in the village a year later. Following a military success in 1123, Ibn Tumart moved to the village of
Tinmal Tinmel (Berber: Tin Mel or Tin Mal, ) is a small mountain village in the High Atlas 100 km from Marrakesh, Morocco. Tinmel was the cradle of the Berber Almohad empire, from where the Almohads started their military campaigns against the Almo ...
where he died in 1130. In 1141, Igiliz served as a military base for the Almohads serving the
anti-Atlas The Anti-Atlas, also known as Lesser Atlas or Little Atlas, is a mountain range in Morocco, a part of the Atlas Mountains in the northwest of Africa. The Anti-Atlas extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the southwest toward the northeast, to the heig ...
and the Souss valley. In 1157, five years after the Almohad conquest of Marrakesh, caliph
Abd al-Mu'min Abd al-Mu'min (c. 1094–1163) (; full name: ʿAbd al-Muʾmin ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAlwī ibn Yaʿlā al-Kūmī Abū Muḥammad) was a prominent member of the Almohad movement. Although the Almohad movement itself was founded by Ibn Tumart, Abd al-Mu' ...
took a pilgrimage to the ribāṭ of Igiliz to pay respect to Ibn Tumart and the Arghen tribe, where he ordered the preservation of Ibn Tumart's cave. During the conquest,
Sufi Sufism ( or ) is a mysticism, mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic Tazkiyah, purification, spirituality, ritualism, and Asceticism#Islam, asceticism. Practitioners of Sufism are r ...
saint
Abu al-Abbas as-Sabti Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ja'far al-Khazraji al-Sabti () ( ''Sabta'' 1129 - Marrakesh 1204), better known as Sidi Bel Abbas, was a Moroccan Muslim saint. He is the patron saint of Marrakesh in the Islamic tradition and also one of the " Seven Saints" ...
moved from
Ceuta Ceuta (, , ; ) is an Autonomous communities of Spain#Autonomous cities, autonomous city of Spain on the North African coast. Bordered by Morocco, it lies along the boundary between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Ceuta is one of th ...
to Igiliz. His son and successor,
Abu Yaqub Yusuf Abu Ya‘qub Yusuf or Yusuf I ( ''Abū Ya‘qūb Yūsuf''; 1135 – 14 October 1184) was the second Almohad ''Amir'' or caliph. He reigned from 1163 until 1184 in Marrakesh. He was responsible for the construction of the Giralda in Seville, whi ...
, had done the same pilgrimage in 1170. By the 13th century, the village had two hermitages dedicated for pilgrims. Despite Igiliz's status as a site of pilgrimage, the location of the village started to become omitted from written literature and forgotten in favor of Tinmal, Igiliz had become completely deserted by the 18th century. The village's legacy persisted as a site of
asceticism Asceticism is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures through self-discipline, self-imposed poverty, and simple living, often for the purpose of pursuing Spirituality, spiritual goals. Ascetics may withdraw from the world ...
where the native Arghen held a ritual luncheon every year in memory of Ibn Tumart. The village's exact location had become lost over time and was believed to be fictional. In 1924, French historians
Henri Basset Henri Basset (7 November 1892 – 13 April 1926) was a 20th-century French historian, orientalist and linguist and a Berberologist. Biography The son of René Basset and elder brother of André Basset, Henri Basset joined the École Normale ...
and
Henri Terrasse Henri Terrasse (Vrigny-aux-Bois, 8 August 1895 – Grenoble, 11 October 1971) was a French historian, archeologist, and orientalist who specialized in the art and history of the Islamic world and of Morocco in particular. Biography Terrasse wa ...
assumed the village to be in Gueliz district of
Marrakesh Marrakesh or Marrakech (; , ) is the fourth-largest city in Morocco. It is one of the four imperial cities of Morocco and is the capital of the Marrakesh–Safi Regions of Morocco, region. The city lies west of the foothills of the Atlas Mounta ...
but offered no reasonable evidence to substanciate their claim. In 2005, American historian Allen Fromherz disproved the claim and theorized Igiliz to be located in the village of Igli, near
Taroudant Taroudant (, ) is a city in the Sous in southwestern Morocco. It is situated east of Agadir on the road to Ouarzazate and south of Marrakesh. Today, it is a small market town and a tourist destination. History The Almoravids occupied the town ...
within the Sous valley, coroberating his claim with oral tradition. In 2006, historians Jean-Pierre van Staëvel and Abdallah Fili disproved Fromherz's theory as a confusion between toponyms, with Igili contradicting with historical descriptions of Igiliz as a fortified site in the anti-Atlas. After a search for Igiliz at the Arghen's historical territory, the delegation located a ribāṭ believed to have been Igiliz. In 2008, archeological searches began which confirmed the location to be Igiliz. In 2023, the
Souss-Massa Souss-Massa () is one of the twelve regions of Morocco, regions of Morocco. It covers an area of 51,642 km² and had a population of 2,676,847 as of the 2014 Moroccan census. The capital of the region is Agadir. Geography Souss-Massa bord ...
regional tourism council opened the site for visitors and tourists.


References

{{reflist Medieval history of Morocco Former populated places in Morocco