''idem'' is a

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power ...

term meaning "the same". It is commonly

abbreviated An abbreviation (from Latin ''brevis'', meaning ''short'') is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method. It may consist of a group of letters or words taken from the full version of the word or phrase; for example, the word ''abbrevia ...

as ''id.'', which is particularly used in legal citations to denote the previously cited source (compare '' ibid.''). It is also used in academic citations to replace the name of a repeated author. ''Id.'' is employed extensively in

Canadian Canadians (french: Canadiens) are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of ...

legislation Legislation is the process or result of enrolling, enacting, or promulgating laws by a legislature, parliament, or analogous governing body. Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, and may be broadly referred to ...

and in legal documents of the United States to apply a short description to a section with the same focus as the previous. ''Id''. is masculine and neuter; ''ead.'' (feminine), is the abbreviation for ''eadem'', which also translates to "the same". As an abbreviation, ''Id.'' always takes a period (or full stop) in both British and American usage (see usage of the full stop in abbreviations). Its first known use dates back to the 14th century.

Use

Legal

*''United States v. Martinez-Fuerte'', 428 U.S. 543, 545 (1976). *''Id.'' at 547. Here, the first citation refers to the case of ''United States v. Martinez-Fuerte.'' The volume number cited is 428 and the page on which the case begins is 543, and the page number cited to is 545. The "U.S." between the numerical portions of the citation refers to the ''

United States Reports The ''United States Reports'' () are the official record ( law reports) of the Supreme Court of the United States. They include rulings, orders, case tables (list of every case decided), in alphabetical order both by the name of the petitioner ...

''. 1976 refers to the year that the case was published. The second citation references the first citation and automatically incorporates the same reporter and volume number; however, the page number cited is now 547. ''Id.'' refers to the immediately preceding citation, so if the previous citation includes more than one reference, or it is unclear which reference ''Id.'' refers to, its usage is inappropriate. * ''"...the Executive Order declares that “the United States must ensure that those admitted to this country do not bear hostile attitudes toward it and its founding principles.” Id. It asserts, “Deteriorating..."'' (from page 3 o
State of Washington v. Donald J. Trump
Here, Id. refers to the Executive Order that was mentioned in the previous sentence.

Academic

*Macgillivray, J. A. ''Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth''. New York: Hill & Wang, 2000. *''Id.'' ''Astral Labyrinth: Archaeology of the Greek Sky''. Sutton Pub, 2003. In this example, ''Id'' in the second citation indicates that the author is identical to that of the previous citation. That is, the author of the second citation is also Macgillivray, J. A.

References

{{reflist Latin legal terminology Latin words and phrases Bibliography Abbreviations

Use

Legal

Academic

See also

References