Iddi(n)-Sin (: ''Iddî-Sîn'') was a King (

𒈗 ( Sumerian: ) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, ''lú'' " 𒇽" is "man" and ''gal'' " 𒃲" is "great", or "big." It was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state could ...

''Šàr'', pronounced ''Shar'') of the Kingdom of Simurrum around 2000 to 1900 BCE. Simurrum was an important city state of the

Mesopotamian Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent. Today, Mesopotamia is known as present-day Iraq and forms the eastern geographic boundary o ...

area, during the period of the

Akkadian Empire The Akkadian Empire () was the first known empire, succeeding the long-lived city-states of Sumer. Centered on the city of Akkad (city), Akkad ( or ) and its surrounding region, the empire united Akkadian language, Akkadian and Sumerian languag ...

down to

Ur III The Third Dynasty of Ur or Ur III was a Sumerian dynasty based in the city of Ur in the 22nd and 21st centuries BC (middle chronology). For a short period they were the preeminent power in Mesopotamia and their realm is sometimes referred to by ...

. The Simurrum Kingdom disappears from records after the

Old Babylonian Old Babylonian may refer to: *the period of the First Babylonian dynasty (20th to 16th centuries BC) *the historical stage of the Akkadian language Akkadian ( ; )John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", ''The Cambridge Enc ...

period. According to an inscription ( the stela from Qarachatan Village,

Sulaymaniyah Sulaymaniyah or Slemani (; ), is a city in the east of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and is the capital of the Sulaymaniyah Governorate. It is surrounded by the Azmar (Ezmer), Goizha (Goyje) and Qaiwan (Qeywan) Mountains in the northeast, Bara ...

Governorate,

Iraqi Kurdistan Iraqi Kurdistan or Southern Kurdistan () refers to the Kurds, Kurdish-populated part of northern Iraq. It is considered one of the four parts of Greater Kurdistan in West Asia, which also includes parts of southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdist ...

, now located in the

Sulaymaniyah Museum The Sulaymaniyah Museum (; ), or Slemani Museum, is an archeological museum located in Sulaymaniyah in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It is the second largest museum in Iraq, after the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad. It houses artifacts dating f ...

), Iddi(n)-Sin seems to have been contemporary with the

Lullubi Lullubi, Lulubi (: ''Lu-lu-bi'', : ''Lu-lu-biki'' "Country of the Lullubi"), more commonly known as Lullu, were a group of Bronze Age tribes of Hurrian and Semitic languages, Semitic origin who existed and disappeared during the 3rd millennium BC ...

king Annubanini. Several rulers of the Simurrum Kingdom are known, such as Iddi(n)-Sin and his son Zabazuna. Various inscriptions suggest that they were contemporary with king

Ishbi-Erra Ishbi-Erra ( Akkadian: d''iš-bi-ir₃-ra'') was the founder of the dynasty of Isin, reigning from c. 2017— 1986 BC ( MC). Ishbi-Erra was preceded by Ibbi-Sin of the third dynasty of Ur in ancient Lower Mesopotamia, and then succeeded by � ...

(1953—c. 1920 BCE). In inscriptions, the name of Iddi(n)-Sin is written 𒀭𒄿𒋾𒀭𒂗𒍪, with one silent determinative (

𒀭 ''Dingir'' ⟨⟩, usually transliteration of cuneiform, transliterated DIĜIR, () is a Sumerian language, Sumerian word for 'god' or 'goddess'. Its Cuneiform script, cuneiform sign is most commonly employed as the determinative for religious n ...

DINGIR ''Dingir'' ⟨⟩, usually transliterated DIĜIR, () is a Sumerian word for 'god' or 'goddess'. Its cuneiform sign is most commonly employed as the determinative for religious names and related concepts, in which case it is not pronounced and ...

) before the remaining part of the name, 𒄿𒋾𒀭𒂗𒍪. 𒄿𒋾 can be read as ''i-ti'' with the geminated 't' being implied, and then in English the double 't' sound is taken more as a double 'd'. The 'n' is then added in English though not explicitly written in the Akkadian cuneiform. The second

(

) acts as a determinative for the last part 𒂗𒍪 are the signs EN.ZU. Thus all three together form the logogram ''^D''EN.ZU, which is read as '' Sîn'', name of the Moon God. Four inscriptions and a relief of the Simurrum have been identified at Bitwata near

Ranya Ranya (, ) is a town in the Kurdistan Region of northern Iraq, and is part of the Sulaymaniyah Governorate. It is twinned with Duluth, Minnesota. Geographical Location Ranya is located in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate in the Kurdistan Region ...

, near the border with

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

, including the large relief now in the

Israel Museum The Israel Museum (, ''Muze'on Yisrael'', ) is an Art museum, art and archaeology museum in Jerusalem. It was established in 1965 as Israel's largest and foremost cultural institution, and one of the world's leading Encyclopedic museum, encyclopa ...

, and one from

Sarpol-e Zahab Sarpol-e Zahab () is a city in the Central District of Sarpol-e Zahab County, Kermanshah province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. The town is close to Qasr-e Shirin and the Iraqi border. Demographics Langu ...

. It is thought that the design of the relief is derived from the

Victory Stele of Naram-Sin The Victory Stele of Naram-Sin is a stele that dates to approximately 2254–2218 BC, in the time of the Akkadian Empire, and is now at the Louvre in Paris. The relief measures 2 meters in height (6' 7") and was carved in pinkish sandstone, with ...

, King of the

(2254-2218 BCE), in which the king is also seen trampling enemies. It is also similar to other reliefs in the area, such as the

Anubanini rock relief The Anubanini petroglyph, also called Sar-e Pol-e Zohab II or Sarpol-i Zohab relief, is a rock relief from the Akkadian Empire period (circa 2300 BC) or the Isin-Larsa period (early second millennium BC) and is located in Kermanshah Province, Ira ...

. The

relief, representing a beardless warrior with axe, trampling a foe, and inscribed with the name "Zaba(zuna), son of ...", may be the son of Iddi(n)-Sin. Iddi-Sin is also known from a

stele A stele ( ) or stela ( )The plural in English is sometimes stelai ( ) based on direct transliteration of the Greek, sometimes stelae or stelæ ( ) based on the inflection of Greek nouns in Latin, and sometimes anglicized to steles ( ) or stela ...

, which he inscribed in the

Akkadian language Akkadian ( ; )John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages''. Ed. Roger D. Woodard (2004, Cambridge) Pages 218–280 was an East Semitic language that is attested ...

, now in the

, Iraq. A seal showing Iddi(n)-Sin and his son Zabazuna (: ''Za-ba-zu-na''), is also known from the Rosen collection. File:Rock Relief of Iddin-Sin, King of Simurrum, c. 2000 BC (detail).jpg, King Iddi(n)-Sin of the Kingdom of Simurrum, holding an axe and a bow, trampling a foe, facing

Ishtar Inanna is the List of Mesopotamian deities, ancient Mesopotamian goddess of war, love, and fertility. She is also associated with political power, divine law, sensuality, and procreation. Originally worshipped in Sumer, she was known by the Akk ...

. Circa 2000 BCE.

. File:Stela of Iddi-Sin, King of Simurrum. It dates back to the Old-Babylonian Period. From Qarachatan Village, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan. The Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq.jpg, Stela of Iddi(n)-Sin, King of Simurrum. It dates back to the Old-Babylonian Period. From Qarachatan Village, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan. The

, Iraq File:Sar-e Pol-e Zahab, relief IV.jpg,

, relief I. Beardless warrior with axe, trampling a foe. Sundisk above. A name "Zaba(zuna), son of ..." can be read. He is usually considered as a ruler of the

, but he could be a ruler of the Kingdom of Simurrum, son of Iddi(n)-Sin. File:Iddin-Sin portrait, King of Simurrum, c. 2000 BC (detail).jpg, Portrait of Iddi(n)-Sin, King of Simurrum, c. 2000 BC (detail) File:Enemy being trampled by Iddin-Sin, c. 2000 BC (detail).jpg, Enemy being trampled by Iddi(n)-Sin, probably a vanquished rebel called Aurnahuš in the accompanying inscription. (detail)

References

External links

*
Ancient History.The Secret History of Iddi-Sin's Stela
{{DEFAULTSORT:Iddin-Sin Monarchs in the Middle East 20th-century BC monarchs

See also

References

External links