Ibid. or ib. is an abbreviation for the

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

word '' ibīdem'', meaning , commonly used in an

endnote EndNote is a commercial reference management software package, used to manage bibliography, bibliographies and Citation, references when writing essays, reports and articles. EndNote was written by Richard Niles, and ownership changed hands se ...

footnote In publishing, a note is a brief text in which the author comments on the subject and themes of the book and names supporting citations. In the editorial production of books and documents, typographically, a note is usually several lines of tex ...

bibliography Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes ''bibliograph ...

citation A citation is a reference to a source. More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose o ...

, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar to ''

idem ''idem'' is a Latin term meaning "the same". It is commonly abbreviated as ''id.'', which is particularly used in legal citations to denote the previously cited source (compare '' ibid.''). It is also used in academic citations to replace the ...

'', literally meaning , abbreviated ''id.'', which is commonly used in

legal citation Legal citation is the practice of crediting and referring to authoritative documents and sources. The most common sources of authority cited are court decisions (cases), statutes, regulations, government documents, treaties, and scholarly writin ...

. ''Ibid.'' may also be used in the Chicago (name-date) system for in-text references where there has been a close previous citation from the same source material. The previous reference should be immediately visible, e.g. within the same paragraph or page. Some academic publishers now prefer that ''ibid.'' not be

italicised In typography, italic type is a cursive font based on a stylised form of calligraphic handwriting. Along with blackletter and roman type, it served as one of the major typefaces in the history of Western typography. Owing to the influence f ...

, as it is a commonly found term. Usage differs from style or citation guides as to whether ibid should be suffixed with a

full stop The full stop ( Commonwealth English), period (North American English), or full point is a punctuation mark used for several purposes, most often to mark the end of a declarative sentence (as distinguished from a question or exclamation). A ...

. For example,

Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities The ''Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities'' (''OSCOLA'') is a style guide that provides the modern method of legal citation in the United Kingdom; the style itself is also referred to as OSCOLA. First developed by Peter ...

omits full stops and does not capitalise, while ''

The Economist ''The Economist'' is a British newspaper published weekly in printed magazine format and daily on Electronic publishing, digital platforms. It publishes stories on topics that include economics, business, geopolitics, technology and culture. M ...

's'' style guide uses a lower case starting letter with ending full stop.

Example

: E. Vijh, ''Latin for Dummies'' (New York: Academic, 1997), 23. : Ibid. : Ibid., 29. : A. Alhazred, ''The Necronomicon'' (Petrus de Dacia, 1994). : Ibid. 1, 34.

Reference 2 is the same as reference 1: E. Vijh, ''Latin for Dummies'' on page 23, whereas reference 3 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form Ibid. , as in reference 5.

Cultural references

Ibid Ibid. or ib. is an abbreviation for the Latin word '' ibīdem'', meaning , commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar to ...

", a humorous short story by

H. P. Lovecraft Howard Phillips Lovecraft (, ; August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American writer of Weird fiction, weird, Science fiction, science, fantasy, and horror fiction. He is best known for his creation of the Cthulhu Mythos. Born in Provi ...

, purports to be a brief biography of the (fictional) Roman scholar Ibidus. * ''Ibid.'' is used in the 1960s play ''

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'' is a play by Edward Albee first staged in October 1962. It examines the complexities of the marriage of middle-aged couple Martha and George. Late one evening, after a university faculty party, they rece ...

'' by

Edward Albee Edward Franklin Albee III ( ; March 12, 1928 – September 16, 2016) was an American playwright known for works such as ''The Zoo Story'' (1958), ''The Sandbox (play), The Sandbox'' (1959), ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'' (1962), ''A Delicat ...

. Albee uses an unabbreviated ibid (i.e. '' ibīdem'') in his stage directions to tell an actor to use the same tone as the previous line. * In the ''

Discworld ''Discworld'' is a comic fantasy"Humorous Fantasy" in David Pringle, ed., ''The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Fantasy'' (pp.31-33). London, Carlton,2006. book series written by the English author Sir Terry Pratchett, set on the Discworld, a fl ...

'' novels ''

Pyramids A pyramid () is a Nonbuilding structure, structure whose visible surfaces are triangular in broad outline and converge toward the top, making the appearance roughly a Pyramid (geometry), pyramid in the geometric sense. The base of a pyramid ca ...

'' and '' Small Gods'' by

Terry Pratchett Sir Terence David John Pratchett (28 April 1948 – 12 March 2015) was an English author, humorist, and Satire, satirist, best known for the ''Discworld'' series of 41 comic fantasy novels published between 1983 and 2015, and for the Apocalyp ...

, an Ephebian philosopher is called Ibid, mentioned in the latter as the author of ''Discourses''. * In the 1997 movie '' Good Will Hunting'', the main character, Will Hunting, when arguing for himself in court against the dismissive rebuttals of the prosecuting attorney, misquotes (and mispronounces) a passage from an obscure book, then follows up by stating "Ibid, your Honor," although there was no second citation.

References

External links

{{wiktionary, ibid., ibid, ibidem
''Ibid.''
on Dictionary.com
Introduction to bibliographies and citation styles
Bibliography Latin words and phrases Abbreviations

Example

Cultural references

See also

References

External links