''Ibalia leucospoides'', the knife-shaped ibalia, is a species of ibaliid wasp in the family
Ibaliidae
The Ibaliidae are a small family of the hymenopteran superfamily Cynipoidea. Ibaliidae differ from most of the cynipoids by the larvae being parasitoids on other wasp larvae in the group Siricidae. The Ibaliidae comprise three extant genera of ...
.
Subspecies
These two subspecies belong to the species ''Ibalia leucospoides'':
* ''Ibalia leucospoides ensiger''
Norton, 1862
* ''Ibalia leucospoides leucospoides''
(Hochenwarth, 1785)
Distribution
This species is widespread in Africa, Australia, most of Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China), North America, and Southern Asia.
[ITIS Report - Integrated Taxonomic Information System]
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Habitat
These ibaliid wasps mainly can be found in forests dominated by various conifers genera (''Abies
Firs are evergreen coniferous trees belonging to the genus ''Abies'' () in the family Pinaceae. There are approximately 48–65 extant species, found on mountains throughout much of North and Central America, Eurasia, and North Africa. The genu ...
'', ''Cupressus
''Cupressus'' (common name cypress) is one of several genus, genera of evergreen conifers within the Family (biology), family Cupressaceae; for the others, see cypress. It is considered a Polyphyly, polyphyletic group. Based on genetic and morpho ...
'', ''Libocedrus
''Libocedrus'' is a genus of five species of coniferous trees in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to New Zealand and New Caledonia. The genus is closely related to the South American genera '' Pilgerodendron'' and '' Austrocedrus'', and th ...
'', ''Picea
A spruce is a tree of the genus ''Picea'' ( ), a genus of about 40 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Northern hemisphere. ''Picea'' is the sole genus ...
'', ''Pinus
A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus ''Pinus'' () of the family Pinaceae. ''Pinus'' is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae.
''World Flora Online'' accepts 134 species-rank taxa (119 species and 15 nothospecies) of pines as c ...
'' and ''Tsuga
''Tsuga'' (, from Japanese (), the name of '' Tsuga sieboldii'') is a genus of conifers in the subfamily Abietoideae of Pinaceae, the pine family. The English-language common name "hemlock" arose from a perceived similarity in the smell of it ...
'' species).[
]
Description
''Ibalia leucospoides'' can reach a body length of about . These small wasp have black head, thorax and legs. Abdomen is dark red, rectangular, pronouncedly compressed laterally and unmarked.[ Antennae are filiform, with 13 antennal segments in males (11 in females). The wings are transparent, with semitransparent apical ends.][ This species is rather similar to '' Ibalia anceps'', that shows a different color pattern.][
]
Biology
This species has one generation a year (univoltine
Voltinism is a term used in biology to indicate the number of broods or generations of an organism in a year. The term is most often applied to insects, and is particularly in use in sericulture, where silkworm varieties vary in their voltinism.
...
), typically coinciding with host emergence. Adults can be found from April to December, depending on location. Females lay eggs on the egg or first instar larvae of siricids. In fact, these wasps are solitary parasitoids of woodwasps (Siricidae
Horntails or wood wasps are any of the 150 non-social species of the hymenopteran family Siricidae, a type of wood-eating sawfly. The common name "horntail" derives from the stout, spine-like structure at the end of the adult's abdomen which is ...
family),[ especially '']Sirex
''Sirex'' is a genus of sawfly in the family horntail, Siricidae, the horntails or wood wasps. Their bodies are black with a dark blue or green metallic reflection with some species having reddish-brown portions.
They inject eggs with fungal e ...
'', ''Urocerus
''Urocerus'' is a genus of horntails in the family Siricidae. There are about eight described species in ''Urocerus''.
Species
These species belong to the genus ''Urocerus'':
* '' Urocerus albicornis'' ( Fabricius, 1781) (white horned horntail)
...
'' and ''Xeris
''Xeris'' is a genus of horntails found in North America and Eurasia. Achille Costa circumscribed the genus in 1894.
Synonyms
In 1987, Malkiat S. Saini and Devinder Singh circumscribed a new genus, ''Neoxeris'' upon their description of a new sp ...
'' species.[
]
Biography
*Cameron, E. A. (1962) North American survey for natural enemies of the Siricidae, May–October, 1962. CBIC Report, California Station, Fontana, CA. 21 pp.
*Cameron, E. A. (2012) Parasitoids in the management of Sirex: looking back and looking ahead, Ch. 8. In B. Slippers, P. de Groot, and M. J. Wingfield (eds.), The Sirex Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont: Research and Management of a Worldwide Invasive Pest. Springer, New York, NY.
*Champlain, A. B. (1922) Records of hymenopterous parasites in Pennsylvania. Psyche 29: 95–100.
*Coyle, D. R., and K. J. K. Gandhi. (2012) The ecology and biological control potential of hymenopteran parasitoids of woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in North America. Environ. Entomol. 41: 731–749.
*Eager, P. T., D. C. Allen, J. L. Frair, and M. K. Fierke. (2011) Within-tree distributions of the Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) - parasitoid complex and development of an optimal sampling scheme. Environ. Entomol. 40: 1266–1275.
*Liu, Z., and G. Nordlander. (1992) Ibaliid parasitoids of siricids woodwasps in North America: two new Ibalia species and a key to species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 94: 500–507.
*Liu Z., Nordlander G. - Review of the family Ibaliidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea) with keys to genera and species of the world - Entomologica Scandinavica 25: 377–392, 1994
*Long, S. J., D. W. Williams, and A. E. Hajek. (2009) Sirex species (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and their parasitoids in Pinus sylvestris in eastern North America. Can. Entomol. 141: 153–157.
*Norton, E. (1963) A description of several new Hymenoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia 1: 198–200.
*Ryan, K., P. de Groot, R. W. Nott, S. Drabble, I. Ochoa, C. Davis, S. M. Smith, and J. J. Turgeon. (2012) Natural enemies associated with Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and S. nigricornis in Ontario, Canada. Environ. Entomol. 41: 289–297.
*Schiff, N. M., H. Goulet, D. R. Smith, C. Boudreault, A. D. Wilson, and B. E. Scheffler. (2012) Siricidae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Siricoidea) of the Western Hemisphere. Can. J. Arthropod Ident. 21: 1–305.
*Smith, D. R., and N. M. Schiff. (2002) A review of the siricid woodwasps and their ibaliid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Siricidae, Ibaliidae) in the eastern United States, with emphasis on the mid-Atlantic region. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104: 174–194.
*Taylor, K. L. (1976) The introduction and establishment of insect parasitoids to control Sirex noctilio in Australia. Entomophaga 21: 429–440.
*Weld, L. H. (1952) Cynipoidea (Hym.) 1905–1950. Privately printed, Ann Arbor, MI. 351 pp.
* Yoshimoto, C. M. (1970) A new ibaliid wasp from North America (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea, Ibaliidae). Can. Entomol. 102: 1196–1198.
References
External links
Ukrainian Biodiversity Information Network
Researchgate
Waarneming
Parasitic wasps
Insects described in 1785
Cynipoidea
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