I O Model

I, or i, is the ninth letter and the third vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''i'' (pronounced ), plural ''ies''.

Name

In English, the name of the letter is the "long I" sound, pronounced . In most other languages, its name matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables.

History

In the Phoenician alphabet, the letter may have originated in a hieroglyph for an arm that represented a voiced pharyngeal fricative () in Egyptian, but was reassigned to (as in English "yes") by Semites, mainly in foreign words.

The Greeks adopted a form of this Phoenician ''yodh'' as their letter ''iota'' () to represent , the same as in the Old Italic alphabet. In Latin (as in Modern Greek), it was also used to represent and this use persists in the languages that descended from Latin. The modern letter ' j' originated as a variation of 'i', and both were used interchangeably for both the vowel and the consonant, coming to be differentiated only in the 16th century.

Typographic variants

In some sans serif typefaces, the uppercase may be difficult to distinguish from the lowercase letter L, 'l', the vertical bar character ', ', or the digit one '1'. In serifed typefaces, the capital form of the letter has both a baseline and a cap height serif, while the lowercase L generally has a hooked ascender and a baseline serif.

The dot over the lowercase 'i' is sometimes called a ''tittle''. The uppercase I does not have a dot, while the lowercase 'i' does in most Latin-derived alphabets. The dot can be considered optional and is usually removed when applying other diacritics. However, some schemes, such as the Turkish alphabet, have two kinds of I: dotted and dotless. In Turkish, dotted İ and dotless I are considered separate letters, representing a front and back vowel, respectively, and both have uppercase ('I', 'İ') and lowercase ('ı', 'i') forms.

The uppercase I has two kinds of shapes, with serifs () and without serifs (). Usually these are considered equivalent, but they are distinguished in some extended Latin alphabet systems, such as the 1978 version of the African reference alphabet. In that system, the former is the uppercase counterpart of ɪ and the latter is the counterpart of 'i'.

Use in writing systems

English

In Modern English spelling, represents several different sounds, either the diphthong ("long" ) as in ''kite'', the short as in ''bill'', or the sound in the last syllable of ''machine''. The diphthong developed from Middle English through a series of vowel shifts. In the Great Vowel Shift, Middle English changed to Early Modern English , which later changed to and finally to the Modern English diphthong in General American and Received Pronunciation. Because the diphthong developed from a Middle English long vowel, it is called "long" in traditional English grammar.

The letter is the fifth most common letter in the English language.

The English first-person singular nominative pronoun is "I", pronounced and always written with a capital letter. This pattern arose for basically the same reason that lowercase acquired a dot: so it wouldn't get lost in manuscripts before the age of printing:

Other languages

In many languages' orthographies, is used to represent the sound or, more rarely, .

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, represents the close front unrounded vowel. The small caps represents the near-close near-front unrounded vowel.

Other uses

* The Roman numeral I represents the number 1.
* In mathematics, a lowercase "" is used to represent the unit imaginary number, while an uppercase "" serves to denote an identity matrix.

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

*I with diacritics: Ị ị Ĭ ĭ Î î Ǐ ǐ Ɨ ɨ Ï ï Ḯ ḯ Í í Ì ì Ȉ ȉ Į į Į́ Į̃ Ī ī Ī̀ ī̀ ᶖ Ỉ ỉ Ȋ ȋ Ĩ ĩ Ḭ ḭ ᶤ
*İ i and I ı : Latin letters dotted and dotless I
* IPA-specific symbols related to I:
*The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of the letter I:
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*Other variations used in phonetic transcription: ᵻ ᶤ ᶦ ᶧ 𝼚
*ⁱ : Superscript small i is used for computer terminal graphics
*Ꞽ ꞽ : Glottal I, used for Egyptological yod
*Ɪ ɪ : Small capital I
*ꟾ : Long I
*ꟷ : Sideways I

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

* : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the following symbols originally derive:
**Ι ι: Greek letter Iota, from which the following letters derive:
*** : Coptic letter Yota
***І і : Cyrillic letter soft-dotted I
***𐌉 : Old Italic I, which is the ancestor of modern Latin I
**** : Runic letter isaz, which probably derives from old Italic I
*** : Gothic letter iiz

Other representations

Computing

: ¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other

References

External links

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{{Latin script, I}

ISO basic Latin letters
Vowel letters