I know that I know nothing

"I know that I know nothing" is a saying derived from Plato's account of the Greek philosopher Socrates: ''"For I was conscious that I knew practically nothing..."'' (Plato, Apology 22d, translated by Harold North Fowler, 1966). Socrates himself was never recorded as having said this phrase, and scholars generally agree that Socrates only ever asserted that he ''believed that he knew nothing'', having never claimed that he ''knew that he knew nothing''. It is also sometimes called the Socratic paradox, although this name is often instead used to refer to other seemingly paradoxical claims made by Socrates in Plato's dialogues (most notably, Socratic intellectualism and the Socratic fallacy).

This saying is also connected or conflated with the answer to a question Socrates (according to Xenophon) or Chaerephon (according to Plato) is said to have posed to the Pythia, the Oracle of Delphi, in which the oracle stated something to the effect of "Socrates is the wisest person in Athens." Socrates, believing the oracle but also completely convinced that he knew nothing, was said to have concluded that ''nobody'' knew anything, and that he was only wiser than others because he was the only person who recognized his own ignorance.

Etymology

The phrase, originally from Latin ("'"), is a possible paraphrase from a Greek text (see below). It is also quoted as "'" or "'". It was later back-translated to Katharevousa Greek as "", 'hèn oîda hóti''''oudèn oîda'').

In Plato

This is technically a shorter paraphrasing of Socrates' statement, "I neither know nor think I know" (in Plato, ''Apology'' 21d). The paraphrased saying, though widely attributed to Plato's Socrates in both ancient and modern times, actually occurs nowhere in Plato's works in precisely the form "I know I know nothing." Two prominent Plato scholars have recently argued that the claim should not be attributed to Plato's Socrates.

Evidence that Socrates does not actually claim to know nothing can be found at ''Apology'' 29b-c, where he claims twice to know something. See also ''Apology'' 29d, where Socrates indicates that he is so confident in his claim to knowledge at 29b-c that he is willing to die for it.

That said, in the ''Apology'', Plato relates that Socrates accounts for his seeming wiser than any other person because he does not imagine that he knows what he does not know.Plato, ''Apology'' 21d.

... I seem, then, in just this little thing to be wiser than this man at any rate, that what I do not know I do not think I know either. rom the Henry Cary literal translation of 1897

A more commonly used translation puts it, "although I do not suppose that either of us knows anything really beautiful and good, I am better off than he is – for he knows nothing, and thinks he knows. I neither know nor think I know" rom the Benjamin Jowett translation">Benjamin_Jowett.html" ;"title="rom the Benjamin Jowett">rom the Benjamin Jowett translation Regardless, the context in which this passage occurs is the same, independently of any specific translation. That is, Socrates having gone to a "wise" man, and having discussed with him, withdraws and thinks the above to himself. Socrates, since he denied any kind of knowledge, then tried to find someone wiser than himself among politicians, poets, and craftsmen. It appeared that politicians claimed wisdom without knowledge; poets could touch people with their words, but did not know their meaning; and craftsmen could claim knowledge only in specific and narrow fields. The interpretation of the Oracle's answer might be Socrates' awareness of his own ignorance.

Socrates also deals with this phrase in Plato's dialogue ''Meno'' when he says:

[So now I do not know what virtue is; perhaps you knew before you contacted me, but now you are certainly like one who does not know.] (trans. George Grube, G. M. A. Grube)

Here, Socrates aims at the change of Meno's opinion, who was a firm believer in his own opinion and whose claim to knowledge Socrates had disproved.

It is essentially the question that begins " Pre-Socratic, post-Socratic" Western philosophy. Socrates begins all wisdom with wondering, thus one must begin with admitting one's ignorance. After all, Socrates' dialectic method of teaching was based on that he as a teacher knew nothing, so he would derive knowledge from his students by dialogue.

There is also a passage by Diogenes Laërtius in his work ''Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers'' where he lists, among the things that Socrates used to say: "", or "that he knew nothing except that he knew that very fact (i.e. that he knew nothing)".

Again, closer to the quote, there is a passage in Plato's ''Apology'', where Socrates says that after discussing with someone he started thinking that:

I am wiser than this man, for neither of us appears to know anything great and good; but he fancies he knows something, although he knows nothing; whereas I, as I do not know anything, do not fancy I do. In this trifling particular, then, I appear to be wiser than he, because I do not fancy I know what I do not know.

It is also a curiosity that there is more than one passage in the narratives in which Socrates claims to have knowledge on some topic, for instance on love:

How could I vote 'No,' when the only thing I say I understand is the art of love? (τὰ ἐρωτικά)

I know virtually nothing, except a certain small subject – love (τῶν ἐρωτικῶν), although on this subject, I'm thought to be amazing (δεινός), better than anyone else, past or present.

Alternative usage

"Socratic paradox" may also refer to statements of Socrates that seem contrary to common sense, such as that "no one desires evil". Terence Irwin, ''The Development of Ethics'', vol. 1, Oxford University Press 2007, p. 14; Gerasimos Santas, "The Socratic Paradoxes", ''Philosophical Review'' 73 (1964), pp. 147–64.

See also

* Acatalepsy
* Academic skepticism
* Metamemory
* Apodicticity
* Cogito
* Dunning–Kruger effect
* Doxastic logic, Doxastic attitudes
* Epistemology
* '' Gnothi seauton''
* '' Ignoramus et ignorabimus''
* Maieutics
* Münchhausen trilemma
* Pyrrhonism
* '' Sapere aude''
* Skepticism
* There are known knowns
* ''Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus''

References

External links

*

{{DEFAULTSORT:I Know That I Know Nothing
Theories in ancient Greek philosophy
Quotations from philosophy
Greek words and phrases
Socrates
Concepts in epistemology
Self-referential paradoxes
Ignorance
Academic skepticism