''Hypoplectrodes'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of marine

ray-finned fish Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians, is a class of bony fish that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. They are so called because of their lightly built fins made of webbings of sk ...

belonging to the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Anthiadidae Anthias are members of the family Anthiadidae in the order Perciformes. The group has also been called Anthiidae or Anthiinae, but these names are preoccupied by a subfamily of ground beetles in the family Carabidae erected by Bonelli in 1813 ...

. It contains eight species; six of which are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

, with one species endemic to

New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...

, and another found in the southeastern

Pacific Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five Borders of the oceans, oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean, or, depending on the definition, to Antarctica in the south, and is ...

Taxonomy

The genus ''Hypoplectrodes'' was first established by the

American American(s) may refer to: * American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America" ** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America ** American ancestry, p ...

ichthyologist Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish, including bony fish (Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish (Agnatha). According to FishBase, 35,800 species of fish had been described as of March 2 ...

Theodore Gill Theodore Nicholas Gill (March 21, 1837 – September 25, 1914) was an American ichthyologist, mammalogist, malacologist, and librarian. Career Born and educated in New York City under private tutors, Gill early showed interest in natural hist ...

in 1862. Gill originally merely assigned a

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

('' Plectropoma nigrorobrum'') to the genus, but did not include a diagnosis of its characteristics. As a result, some later taxonomists rejected the name. Notably, the

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. * British national identity, the characteristics of British people and culture ...

zoologist Zoology ( , ) is the scientific study of animals. Its studies include the structure, embryology, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. Zoology is one ...

George Albert Boulenger George Albert Boulenger (19 October 1858 – 23 November 1937) was a Belgian-British zoologist who described and gave scientific names to over 2,000 new animal species, chiefly fish, reptiles, and amphibians. Boulenger was also an active botani ...

in the first volume of his ''Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum'' acknowledged Gill's earlier name, but because of the absence of a diagnosis, Boulenger instead preferred to use the later name ''Gilbertia'', coined by the American ichthyologists

David Starr Jordan David Starr Jordan (January 19, 1851 – September 19, 1931) was the founding president of Stanford University, serving from 1891 to 1913. He was an ichthyologist during his research career. Prior to serving as president of Stanford Universi ...

and

Carl H. Eigenmann Carl Henry Eigenmann (March 9, 1863 – April 24, 1927) was a German-American ichthyology, ichthyologist of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, who, along with his wife Rosa Smith Eigenmann, and his zoology students is credited wit ...

in 1890. Both Jordan and Eigenmann where unaware of Gill's earlier paper and had used a different species as the type. In 1896, after reading Boulenger's book, Gill admitted to not including a diagnosis in his original paper and that he had indeed even forgotten that he had ever named the genus, but he clarified that a diagnosis for ''Hypoplectrodes'' had actually been published in an 1871 paper by the

Cuban Cuban or Cubans may refer to: Related to Cuba * of or related to Cuba, a country in the Caribbean * Cubans, people from Cuba, or of Cuban descent ** Cuban exile, a person who left Cuba for political reasons, or a descendant thereof * Cuban Americ ...

zoologist

Felipe Poey Felipe Poey (May 26, 1799 – January 28, 1891) was a Cuban zoologist. Biography Poey was born in Havana, the son of French and Spanish parents. He spent several years (1804 to 1807) of his life in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Pau then studied ...

, which Gill had provided via personal correspondence in response to a request by the former author. Thus, the name ''Hypoplectrodes'' was still valid. Gill also pointed out that the name ''Gilbertia'' was also used in 1891 for a genus of

moth Moths are a group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not Butterfly, butterflies. They were previously classified as suborder Heterocera, but the group is Paraphyly, paraphyletic with respect to butterflies (s ...

s (now valid as '' Walsinghamiella''). Despite this, most authors continued to use the name ''Gilbertia'' in accordance with Boulenger's more widely known book. Though ''Hypoplectrodes'' was also used, it was then considered a

monotypic genus In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispe ...

and only contained ''Hypoplectrodes nigroruber'' (the species Gill used as type). In 1927, the

Australian Australian(s) may refer to: Australia * Australia, a country * Australians, citizens of the Commonwealth of Australia ** European Australians ** Anglo-Celtic Australians, Australians descended principally from British colonists ** Aboriginal Aus ...

ichthyologist Gilbert P. Whitley (who was also unaware of Gill's 1896 paper) pointed out that the fish genus ''Gilbertia'', as with the moth, were both invalidated by an earlier usage of the name ''Gilbertia'' for a genus of

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s. Whitley proposed the replacement name of ''Ellerkeldia''. In 1989, the American ichthyologist William D. Anderson, Jr. and the South African ichthyologist Phillip C. Heemstra synonymized the genus ''Scopularia'' (established in 1959 for ''Scopularia rubra'' - now accepted as '' Hypoplectrodes semicinctum'') with Whitley's ''Ellerkeldia''. In doing so, they also discovered that ''Ellerkeldia'' was actually a junior synonym of ''Hypoplectrodes''. They published a revised diagnosis of the genus in 1989. The genus is now valid under the name ''Hypoplectrodes''. ''Hypoplectrodes'' is classified in the

. It is closely related to the genus ''

Plectranthias ''Plectranthias'' is a genus of ray-finned fish in the subfamily Anthiinae, part of the family Serranidae, the groupers and sea basses. They are found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. Species There are currently 57 recognized species ...

''.

Description

Members of the genus ''Hypoplectrodes'' are characterized by the absence of scales on the

maxilla In vertebrates, the maxilla (: maxillae ) is the upper fixed (not fixed in Neopterygii) bone of the jaw formed from the fusion of two maxillary bones. In humans, the upper jaw includes the hard palate in the front of the mouth. The two maxil ...

, one to three antrorse spines on the

preopercle The operculum is a series of bones found in bony fish and chimaeras that serves as a facial support structure and a protective covering for the gills; it is also used for respiration and feeding. Anatomy The opercular series contains four bon ...

of the

gill cover The operculum is a series of bones found in bony fish and Chimaera, chimaeras that serves as a facial support structure and a protective covering for the gills; it is also used for respiration and feeding. Anatomy The opercular series contain ...

, three predorsal bones, and 26 to 28

vertebra Each vertebra (: vertebrae) is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, that make up the vertebral column or spine, of vertebrates. The proportions of the vertebrae differ according to their spina ...

e (usually 27, only very rarely 26). Supramaxillae are also usually present.

Species and distribution

Eight species are currently classified under ''Hypoplectrodes'', listed below, along with their common names (if present) and

distribution Distribution may refer to: Mathematics *Distribution (mathematics), generalized functions used to formulate solutions of partial differential equations *Probability distribution, the probability of a particular value or value range of a varia ...

: * '' Hypoplectrodes annulatus'' (Günther, 1859) - blackbanded seaperch,

* '' Hypoplectrodes cardinalis'' Allen & Randall, 1990 - red seaperch, endemic to

Western Australia Western Australia (WA) is the westernmost state of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Aust ...

* '' Hypoplectrodes huntii'' (Hector, 1875) - redbanded perch, endemic to

, though with unverified reports in Australia * '' Hypoplectrodes jamesoni'' Ogilby, 1908 - Jameson's seaperch, endemic to Australia * '' Hypoplectrodes maccullochi'' (Whitley, 1929) - half-banded seaperch, endemic to Australia * '' Hypoplectrodes nigroruber'' (Cuvier, 1828) - banded seaperch, endemic to southern Australia * '' Hypoplectrodes semicinctum'' (Valenciennes, 1833) - tiger Seaperch, found in the southeastern

, with records from

Easter Island Easter Island (, ; , ) is an island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle in Oceania. The island is renowned for its nearly 1,000 extant monumental statues, ...

, the

Desventuradas Islands The Desventuradas Islands (, , "Unfortunate Islands" or ''Islas de los Desventurados'', "Islands of the Unfortunate Ones") is a group of four small oceanic islands located off the coast of Chile, northwest of Santiago in the Pacific Ocean. They a ...

, and the

Juan Fernández Islands The Juan Fernández Islands () are a sparsely inhabited series of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, reliant on tourism and fishing. Situated off the coast of Chile, they are composed of three main volcanic islands: Robinson Crusoe Island, R ...

* '' Hypoplectrodes wilsoni'' (Allen & Moyer, 1980) - spotty seaperch, endemic to Western Australia

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q2714657 Anthiadidae Taxa named by Theodore Gill Marine fish genera