''Hypnea'' is a genus of

red algae Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), make up one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta comprises one of the largest Phylum, phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 recognized species within over 900 Genus, genera amidst ongoing taxon ...

, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide

carrageenan Carrageenans or carrageenins ( ; ) are a family of natural linear sulfation, sulfated polysaccharides. They are extracted from red algae, red edible seaweeds. Carrageenans are widely used in the food industry, for their gelling, thickening, an ...

Taxonomy and nomenclature

''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cystocloniaceae. There are 99 species listed on Algaebase with 78 being accepted taxonomically. The genus was originally classified under family Hypneaceae, which was considered distinct from Cystoclonoiaceae on the basis of differences in their carposporophyte structure, and the shape of the thalli and cortical cells. Differences in carrageenan chemistry, with Hypneaceae species producing kappa-carrageenan and Cystocloniaceae producing lambda-carrageenan, was another reason for their distinction. However, these criteria were questioned and molecular analysis later showed that the two families had similar vegetative and reproductive characters. Furthermore, it was proven that lambda-carrageenan and kappa-carrageen coexist within the Gigartinales order. This led to the two families being merged into simply Cystocloniaceae.

Phylogenetics

Phylogeography Phylogeography is the study of the historical processes that may be responsible for the past to present geographic distributions of genealogical lineages. This is accomplished by considering the geographic distribution of individuals in light of ge ...

of ''

Hypnea valentiae ''Hypnea'' is a genus of Rhodophyta, red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and ...

'' in

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

indicates that nuclear ribosomal DNA

Internal transcribed spacer Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) is the spacer DNA situated between the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and large-subunit rRNA genes in the chromosome or the corresponding transcribed region in the polycistronic rRNA precursor transcript. ...

-1 (ITS1) sequences had 4.35 x 10-1 Tamura 3-parameter (T3P) pairwise distance between them, which indicate significant evolutionary differences accumulated over time. In comparison, T3P distance between related genera ''

Kappaphycus ''Kappaphycus'' is a genus of red algae. Species are distributed in the waters of East Africa, Indonesia, Malaysia, Hainan Island, the Philippines, and Micronesia.Guiry, M. D. In: Guiry, M. D. & G. M. Guiry. 2013''Kappaphycus''.AlgaeBase. Nationa ...

'' and ''

Eucheuma ''Eucheuma'', commonly known as sea moss or gusô (), is a rhodophyte seaweed that may vary in color (purple, brown, and green). ''Eucheuma'' species are used in the production of carrageenan, an ingredient for cosmetics, food processing, and ind ...

'' was 1.85 x 10–1. In

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree or phylogeny is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or Taxon, taxa during a specific time.Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, M ...

reconstruction using

Bayesian inference Bayesian inference ( or ) is a method of statistical inference in which Bayes' theorem is used to calculate a probability of a hypothesis, given prior evidence, and update it as more information becomes available. Fundamentally, Bayesian infer ...

, both the isolates formed a well-supported

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

along with the only available accession of this genus at ITS1 locus, indicating affiliation of both the isolates in this genus. The isolate from the west coast was more basal in the

phylogram A phylogenetic tree or phylogeny is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time.Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA. In o ...

, which suggests

phylogenetically In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical data ...

primitive position of this population. Newly generated

DNA barcode DNA barcoding is a method of species identification using a short section of DNA from a specific gene or genes. The premise of DNA barcoding is that by comparison with a reference library of such DNA sections (also called "sequences"), an indivi ...

s of the geographic isolates of this native carrageenophyte in this study is expected to be a key in tracing its further dispersal routes, either natural or deliberate. This is the first report on the comparative morphological and

molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions that satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, ...

assessment of ''Hypnea'' from India.

Morphology

''Hypnea'' is characterized by membranous or cartilaginous thalli which can be either erect or prostrate. The thallus features a main axis with an apex of varying shapes (straight, curved, tendril or bifurcated). Various forms of branching occur, with the irregular type being most common, with dichotomous or lateral branching occurring in some species. Thallus color is highly variable, with yellow, green, pink, red, brown and black being observed. Habitat type can influence thallus length, which varies from 0.5 to 50 cm. The habit of the thallus is used to divide species into two major groups: those with >10 cm thallus height, and those that measure between 2–3 cm. Like many other algal species, ''Hypnea'' exhibits a high degree of phenotypic plasticity and cryptic diversity which makes species difficult to distinguish from each other morphologically since they share many characters.

Distribution

The genus is found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, with the Atlantic having the most species. In terms of countries, China has the most number of species although none are endemic. Other countries with many endemic species of ''Hypnea'' include South Africa, Australia, Japan, Indonesia, Mauritius, the Philippines, India, and Brazil. ''Hypnea musciformis'' has the widest geographical distribution.

Ecology

''Hypnea'' is commonly present in various habitats, from intertidal and subtidal zones, as well as in sites with varying degrees of exposure. They can also be found growing as epiphytes on other organisms such as the brown alga ''Sargassum''. The genus exhibits seasonal abundance which is highly influenced by similarly seasonal variations in light, temperature, and tidal levels.

Life history

''Hypnea'' exhibits a

dioecious Dioecy ( ; ; adj. dioecious, ) is a characteristic of certain species that have distinct unisexual individuals, each producing either male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproduction is ...

thallus and a triphasic life cycle consisting of two diploid phases and a haploid phase. The diploid carposporophyte releases carpospores that develop into a diploid tetrasporophyte which undergoes meiosis to form four haploid tetraspores which will form 50/50 male and female gametophytes. After fertilization of gametes, the carposporophyte is formed and the cycle begins again.

Chemical composition

Carrageenans are abundant in the cell walls of some red algae, where they provide the thallus with additional flexibility to protect it from the impacts of herbivory, wave action, and desiccation. Environmental variables such as temperature, amount of rainfall, and salinity likely influence the yield and viscosity of the carrageenan.

Cultivation and utilization

''Hypnea'' is cultivated in many tropical countries such as the Philippines, Brazil, Bangladesh, India and Vietnam for food and for their kappa- carrageenan extracts. After ''Eucheuma/Kappaphycus,'' it is the second most important source of carrageenan in the tropics, however it is only cultivated in experimental settings and not commercially. The technology needed to do this is still being developed and requires further investigation. Most experimental cultivation activities have been done using ''Hypnea musciformis'', and its highly variable morphology may be partly responsible for the inconsistency in the results of these experiments. Carrageenan has a wide range of applications from food to pharmaceutical uses. The extracts of various ''Hypnea'' species have been investigated for their antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal properties.Heidarizadeh L, Mollataghi A, Saadat A, Mostoufi A, Mouradzadegun A, Seyednejad AS (2019) Phytochemical studies and their bioactivities of various crude extracts of red alga (Hypnea boergesenii). Basic Res J Microbiol 6:23–33

Known species

*''

Hypnea musciformis ''Hypnea'' is a genus of Rhodophyta, red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and ...

'' *''

Hypnea adunca ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' J.Agardh S *''

Hypnea alopecuroides ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Kützing C *''

Hypnea anastomosans ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Papenfuss, Lipkin & P.C.Silva C *''

Hypnea arborescens ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' P.Crouan & H.Crouan S *''

Hypnea arbuscula ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' P.J.L.Dangeard C *''

Hypnea arenaria ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Kylin C *''

Hypnea armata ''Hypnea'' is a genus of Rhodophyta, red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and ...

'' (C.Agardh) J.Agardh S *''

Hypnea asiatica ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' P.J.L.Geraldino, E.C.Yang & S.M.Boo C *''

Hypnea aspera ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Kützing S *'' Hypnea boergesenii'' T.Tanaka S *''

Hypnea brasiliensis ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' P.B.Jesus, Nauer & J.M.C.Nunes C *'' Hypnea bryoides'' Børgesen C *'' Hypnea bullata'' P.Kundu & F. Bast C *'' Hypnea caespitosa'' P.J.L.Geraldino & S.M.Boo C *'' Hypnea californica'' Kylin S *''

Hypnea caraibica ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Nauer, Cassano & M.C.Oliveira C *''

Hypnea cenomyce ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' J.Agardh C *''

Hypnea ceramioides ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Kützing C *''

Hypnea cervicornis ''Hypnea cervicornis'' is a species of marine red algae Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), make up one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta comprises one of the largest Phylum, phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 recognized ...

'' J.Agardh C *'' Hypnea charoides'' J.V.Lamouroux C *'' Hypnea chordacea'' Kützing C *'' Hypnea coccinea'' (Clemente) Cremades C *''

Hypnea compressa ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Papenfuss C *'' Hypnea conferta'' (Schousboe ex Montagne) Kützing S *''

Hypnea confervoides ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' (C.Agardh) J.Agardh S *''

Hypnea congesta ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Papenfuss C *'' Hypnea cornuta'' (Kützing) J.Agardh C *''

Hypnea corona ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Huisman & Petrocelli C *''

Hypnea coulteri ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Harvey S *''

Hypnea cryptica ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' P.B.Jesus & J.M.C.Nunes C *'' Hypnea cystoclonioides'' Sonder S *''

Hypnea divaricata ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' (C.Agardh) Greville C *'' Hypnea divergens'' (C.Agardh) J.Agardh S *'' Hypnea ecklonii'' Suhr C *''

Hypnea edeniana ''Hypnea'' is a genus of Rhodophyta, red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and ...

'' F.Nauer, V.Cassano & M.C.Oliveira C *'' Hypnea episcopalis'' Hooker f. ''&'' Harvey S *'' Hypnea esperi'' Bory U *'' Hypnea evermannii'' Setchell & N.L.Gardner C *''

Hypnea fastigiata ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Harvey S *'' Hypnea filiformis'' (Harvey) Womersley C *''

Hypnea flagelliformis ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Greville ex J.Agardh C *'' Hypnea flava'' Nauer, Cassano & M.C.Oliveira C *'' Hypnea flexicaulis'' Y.Yamagishi & M.Masuda S *''

Hypnea flexuosa ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' A.C.Brown & N.Jarman C *'' Hypnea fruticulosa'' Kützing C *''

Hypnea furcellata ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Hooker f. ''&'' Harvey S *'' Hypnea furnariana'' Cormaci, Alongi and Dinaro C *''

Hypnea hamulosa ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' (Esper) J.V.Lamouroux C *'' Hypnea harveyi'' Kützing S *''

Hypnea hippuroides ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Kützing S *'' Hypnea horrida'' (C.Agardh) J.Agardh S *'' Hypnea indica'' P.Kundu & F.Bast C *'' Hypnea intricata'' Kylin C *''

Hypnea japonica ''Hypnea'' is a genus of Rhodophyta, red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and ...

'' Tanaka C *''

Hypnea johnstonii ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Setchell & N.L.Gardner C *''

Hypnea krugiana ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Hauck C *'' Hypnea mamillosa'' Zanardini U *'' Hypnea marchantiae'' Setchell & N.L.Gardner C *''

Hypnea multicornis ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' (Montagne) Montagne C *''

'' (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux C *'' Hypnea nidifica'' J.Agardh U ''Hypnea'' ''nidulans'' Setchell C *'' Hypnea nigrescens'' Greville ex J.Agardh C *'' Hypnea pannosa'' J.Agardh C *''

Hypnea pectinella ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Børgesen C *''

Hypnea planicaulis ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Harvey S *'' Hypnea platyclada'' Barreto de Jesus & Castro Nunes C *'' Hypnea pseudomusciformis'' Nauer, Cassano & M.C.Oliveira C *'' Hypnea purpurascens'' (Hudson) Harvey S *''

Hypnea ramentacea ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' (C.Agardh) J.Agardh C *'' Hypnea rangiferina'' (R.Brown ex Turner) Greville S *''

Hypnea reptans ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Papenfuss C *''

Hypnea rigens ''Hypnea'' is a genus of Rhodophyta, red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and ...

'' Sonder S *'' Hypnea rissoana'' J.Agardh S *'' Hypnea rosea'' Papenfuss C *''

Hypnea rugulosa ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Montagne C *'' Hypnea saidana'' Holmes S *'' Hypnea schneideri'' Nauer, Cassano & M.C.Oliveira C *'' Hypnea secundiramea'' Montagne S *'' Hypnea seticulosa'' J.Agardh S *''

Hypnea simpliciuscula ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Okamura ex De Toni S *''

Hypnea spicifera ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' (Suhr) Harvey C *'' Hypnea spicigera'' Harvey S *'' Hypnea spinella'' (C.Agardh) Kützing C *'' Hypnea spongiiformis'' Zanardini U *'' Hypnea stellulifera'' (J.Agardh) Yamagishi & Masuda C *'' Hypnea tenuis'' Kylin C *'' Hypnea unilateralis'' P.J.L.Dangeard C *'' Hypnea ustulata'' (Turner) Montagne S *''

Hypnea vaga ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Kützing C *''

'' (Turner) Montagne C *'' Hypnea valida'' J.Agardh S *'' Hypnea variabilis'' Okamura C *'' Hypnea viridis'' Papenfuss C *''

Hypnea volubilis ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Searles C *'' Hypnea wurdemannii'' Harvey S *''

Hypnea wynnei ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Nauer, Cassano & M.C.Oliveira C *'' Hypnea yamadae'' Tanaka C *''

Hypnea yokoyana ''Hypnea'' is a genus of Rhodophyta, red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and ...

'' Nauer, Cassano & M.C.Oliveira C

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q18350571 Red algae genera Gigartinales