''Hyperphyscia'' is a
genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
lichen
A lichen ( , ) is a hybrid colony (biology), colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among hypha, filaments of multiple fungus species, along with yeasts and bacteria embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualism (biology), m ...
-forming
fungi
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...
in the family
Physciaceae
The Physciaceae are a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. A 2016 estimate placed 19 genera and 601 species in the family.
Description
The Physiaceae family includes various ...
.
These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like
crusts that spread outward in
rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, overlapping tiers that are seldom more than a millimetre or two wide and range in colour from pale brownish-grey to dark brown. They reproduce through brown, disc-shaped fruiting bodies that sit directly on the upper surface and contain thick-walled brown
ascospore
In fungi, an ascospore is the sexual spore formed inside an ascus—the sac-like cell that defines the division Ascomycota, the largest and most diverse Division (botany), division of fungi. After two parental cell nucleus, nuclei fuse, the ascu ...
s divided by a single
cross-wall
A cross-wall is an interior dividing wall of a castle. It may be an external wall dividing, for example, the inner and outer wards, or it may be a wall internal to a building such as the keep.Friar, Stephen (2003). ''The Sutton Companion to Cas ...
, typical of many members of their family.
Taxonomy
The genus was
circumscribed In geometry, a circumscribed circle for a set of points is a circle passing through each of them. Such a circle is said to ''circumscribe'' the points or a polygon formed from them; such a polygon is said to be ''inscribed'' in the circle.
* Circum ...
by the Swiss lichenologist
Johannes Müller Argoviensis
Johann Müller (9 May 1828 – 28 January 1896) was a Swiss botanist who was a specialist in lichens. He published under the name Johannes Müller Argoviensis to distinguish himself from other naturalists with similar names.
Biography
Müller ...
in 1894. He assigned ''
Hyperphyscia synthalea'' as the
type species
In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...
.
Description
''Hyperphyscia'' forms a tightly attached, leaf-like crust that spreads outward in a
rosette
Rosette is the French diminutive of ''rose''. It may refer to:
Flower shaped designs
* Rosette (award), a mark awarded by an organisation
* Rosette (design), a small flower design
*hence, various flower-shaped or rotational symmetric forms:
** R ...
. Viewed from above, the individual lobes radiate in shallow, overlapping tiers and are seldom more than a millimetre or two wide. Their surface is dull and free of any frost-like bloom (), ranging in colour from pale brownish-grey to dark brown. The lower surface is much paler and bears only a scattering of very short, almost hidden
rhizine
In lichens, rhizines are multicellular root-like structures arising mainly from the lower surface. A lichen with rhizines is termed rhizinate, while a lichen lacking rhizines is termed erhizinate. Rhizines serve only to anchor the lichen to their s ...
s that anchor the thallus to bark or stone. Internally, the upper is built of roughly cube-shaped cells with cavities three to seven
micrometre
The micrometre (English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American English), also commonly known by the non-SI term micron, is a uni ...
s across, while the lower cortex is restricted to the lobe tips; there it consists of tightly woven brown
hypha
A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium.
Structure
A hypha consists of one o ...
e whose minute cells merge into the substrate. Some species develop granular
soralia
Soredia are common reproductive structures of lichens. Lichens reproduce asexually by employing simple fragmentation and production of soredia and isidia. Soredia are powdery propagules composed of fungal hyphae wrapped around cyanobacteria or g ...
—tiny eruptions that release powdery
propagule
In biology, a propagule is any material that functions in propagating an organism to the next stage in its life cycle, such as by dispersal. The propagule is usually distinct in form from the parent organism. Propagules are produced by organisms ...
s for vegetative dispersal. The
photosynthetic
Photosynthesis ( ) is a Biological system, system of biological processes by which Photoautotrophism, photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical ener ...
partner ) is a
green alga
The green algae (: green alga) are a group of chlorophyll-containing autotrophic eukaryotes consisting of the phylum Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister group that contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/ Streptophyta. The land plants ( ...
of the ''
Trebouxia
''Trebouxia'' is a unicellular green alga. It is a photosynthetic organism that can exist in almost all habitats found in polar, tropical, and temperate regions.Erokhina, L. G., Shatilovich, A. V., Kaminskaya, O. P., & Gilichinskii, D. A. (2004 ...
'' type.
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete ( haploid reproductive cells, such as a sperm or egg cell) with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote tha ...
takes place in disc-shaped
apothecia
An ascocarp, or ascoma (: ascomata), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. As ...
(fruiting bodies) that sit directly on the upper surface. Each is brown, and lacks any whitish dusting, while its rim is made from the same fungal–algal tissue as the rest of the thallus (a ). A pale-brown covers the colourless
hymenium
The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in oth ...
beneath; this spore layer turns blue in iodine, a reaction lichenologists use for identification. The hymenium is threaded with slender
paraphyses
Paraphyses are erect sterile filament-like support structures occurring among the reproductive apparatuses of fungi, ferns, bryophytes and some thallophytes. The singular form of the word is paraphysis.
In certain fungi, they are part of the f ...
that branch near the top and end in club-shaped tips capped by a thin, dark-brown pigment. The
asci are narrow, eight-spored and conform to the ''
Lecanora
''Lecanora'' is a genus of lichen commonly called rim lichens.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, Lichens in the genus '' Squamarina'' are also called rim lichens. Members of the genus have roughly c ...
'' type; their spores mature to a single-septate, thick-walled brown form typical of many members of the family
Physciaceae
The Physciaceae are a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. A 2016 estimate placed 19 genera and 601 species in the family.
Description
The Physiaceae family includes various ...
. Asexual spores are produced in immersed
pycnidia
A pycnidium (plural pycnidia) is an asexual fruiting body produced by mitosporic fungi, for instance in the order Sphaeropsidales ( Deuteromycota, Coelomycetes) or order Pleosporales (Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes). It is often spherical or inve ...
whose otherwise colourless walls are ringed by a brown zone at the pore; they release thread-like
conidia
A conidium ( ; : conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (: chlamydoconidia), is an asexual, non- motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also ...
formed on short, barrel-shaped cells. Chemical tests have yet to detect lichen acids in the genus, although some species contain traces of the orange pigment
skyrin, visible only under the microscope or by
chromatography
In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the Separation process, separation of a mixture into its components. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid solvent (gas or liquid) called the ''mobile phase'', which carries it ...
.
Species
,
Species Fungorum
''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (Binomial nomenclature, scientific names) in the fungus Kingdom (biology), kingdom. As of 2015, the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partn ...
(in the
Catalogue of Life
The Catalogue of Life (CoL) is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxono ...
) accept eight species of ''Hyperphyscia'',
although several more than this have been described in the genus.
* ''
Hyperphyscia adglutinata
''Hyperphyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like crusts that spread outward in rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, overlapping tiers that are seldom mor ...
''
* ''
Hyperphyscia carassensis
''Hyperphyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like crusts that spread outward in rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, overlapping tiers that are seldom mor ...
''
* ''
Hyperphyscia cochlearis
''Hyperphyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like crusts that spread outward in rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, overlapping tiers that are seldom mor ...
''
* ''
Hyperphyscia confusa
''Hyperphyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like crusts that spread outward in rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, overlapping tiers that are seldom mor ...
''
* ''
Hyperphyscia coralloidea''
* ''
Hyperphyscia coronata
''Hyperphyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like crusts that spread outward in rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, overlapping tiers that are seldom mor ...
''
* ''
Hyperphyscia crocata
''Hyperphyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like crusts that spread outward in rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, overlapping tiers that are seldom mor ...
''
* ''
Hyperphyscia endochrysea''
* ''
Hyperphyscia granulata
''Hyperphyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like crusts that spread outward in rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, overlapping tiers that are seldom mor ...
''
* ''
Hyperphyscia lucida
''Hyperphyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like crusts that spread outward in rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, overlapping tiers that are seldom mor ...
''
* ''
Hyperphyscia minor''
* ''
Hyperphyscia mobergii
''Hyperphyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like crustose lichen, crusts that spread outward in rosette (botany), rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, over ...
''
* ''
Hyperphyscia oxneri
''Hyperphyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like crusts that spread outward in rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, overlapping tiers that are seldom mor ...
''
* ''
Hyperphyscia pandani
''Hyperphyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like crusts that spread outward in rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, overlapping tiers that are seldom mor ...
''
* ''
Hyperphyscia plinthiza
''Hyperphyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like crusts that spread outward in rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, overlapping tiers that are seldom mor ...
''
* ''
Hyperphyscia pruinosa
''Hyperphyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like crusts that spread outward in rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, overlapping tiers that are seldom mor ...
''
* ''
Hyperphyscia pseudocoralloides''
* ''
Hyperphyscia syncolla
''Hyperphyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like crusts that spread outward in rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, overlapping tiers that are seldom mor ...
''
* ''
Hyperphyscia synthalea''
* ''
Hyperphyscia variabilis''
* ''
Hyperphyscia viridissima
''Hyperphyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like crusts that spread outward in rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, overlapping tiers that are seldom mor ...
''
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q10529657
Caliciales
Lichen genera
Caliciales genera
Taxa described in 1894
Taxa named by Johannes Müller Argoviensis