''Hyperailurictis'' is an extinct genus of

felid Felidae ( ) is the Family (biology), family of mammals in the Order (biology), order Carnivora colloquially referred to as cats. A member of this family is also called a felid ( ). The 41 extant taxon, extant Felidae species exhibit the gre ...

from

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

. The ''Hyperailurictis'' species are ''

Pseudaelurus ''Pseudaelurus'' is a prehistoric cat that lived in Europe, Asia and North America in the Miocene between approximately twenty and eight million years ago. It is considered to be a paraphyletic grade ancestral to living felines and pantherines ...

''- grade felids and thought to be the first felids in the Americas.

Taxonomy and evolution

Taxonomic history

In 1858, the paleontologist Joseph Leidy described a new species of cat, ''Felis intrepidus'', based on lower jaw fragments (a left ramus, described, and a right ramus, mentioned only and now lost) found somewhere in Nebraska near the Niobrara river. The fragments were later determined to have come from the lower Valentine Formation, making them late Barstovian in age. Leidy reassigned the specimens to ''Pseudaelurus'' as ''Pseudaelurus intrepidus'' in a 1869 paper. In 1873, an expedition collected another lower jaw from the lower Valentine Formation, which was described by Thorpe in 1922 as the holotype of the new species ''Pseudaelurus marshi''. He also described a paratype, a left ramus collected from part of the Ogallala Group (also of Barstovian age). In 1934, Chester Stock assigned five specimens to ''Pseudaelurus intrepidus''. The specimens, which included the first cranial and upper dental material to be assigned to North American ''Pseudaelurus'', were found at an early Barstovian locality in Nevada. One specimen, a skull, would later undergo considerable plaster restoration. In 1948, J. R. Macdonald described ''Pseudaelurus pedionomus'' based on a considerable amount of material (including a good part of the skeleton) from an early Clarendonian locality in Nebraska. Shortly after, he also described ''Pseudaelurus thinobates'', a larger species from a late Clarendonian locality in California. However, David Kitt removed ''Pseudaelurus thinobates'' from the genus, placing it instead as ''Nimravides thinobates'', during a 1958 study. Subsequently, a review of the genus reassigned ''Pseudaelurus pedionomus'' to the new genus as ''Nimravides pedionomus''. J. R. Macdonald described a third species, ''Pseudaelurus aeluroides'', in 1954 based on a single lower jaw fragment. The fragment was found in the lower Snake Creek locality, and was from the early Barstovian. The fragment remained the only specimen assigned to ''Ps. aeluroides'', and an examination of illustration and measurements of the fragment in 2003 lead Tom Rothwell to suggest that it actually belonged to a juvenile ''Ps. marshi''. In 1963, some early Clarendonian material from Colorado, mostly skeletal pieces and all from a single individual, was referred to genus ''Pseudaelurus'', but a species determination was not made. In 1969, some material from the Hemphillian of Texas was referred to the new species ''Pseudaelurus hibbardi''. Similar in size to ''Nimravides pedionomus'', this was referred in 2003 to ''Nimravides hibbardi'' instead. In 2001, Tom Rothwell described a skeleton from the later Hemingfordian as ''Pseudaelurus validus''. The skeleton was originally collected in 1939 from the Nambe Member locality in New Mexico. In the same paper, he also assigned a number of specimens collected from multiple localities in Nebraska, dated to the late Hemingfordian and early Barstovian. A systematic review of the genus in 2003 by Tom Rothwell nominated a new species, ''Pseudaelurus skinneri'', and recombined ''Lynx stouti'' as ''Pseudaelurus stouti''. ''Pseudaelurus skinneri'' was described based on several jaw fragments collected from various late Hemingfordian localities in Nebraska. ''Lynx stouti'' was first described in 1972 based on some late Barstovian material, a partial skull and mandible, collected in Colorado. He also referred a number of other specimens, collected from early Barstovian localities in Nebraska and New Mexico and from late Barstovian localities in New Mexico and Colorado, to ''Pseudaelurus stouti''. The genus ''Hyperailurictis'' was first described in 1929 by

Miklós Kretzoi Miklós Kretzoi (9 February 1907 – 15 March 2005) was a Hungarian people, Hungarian geologist, paleontologist and paleoanthropologist and Széchenyi Prize winner. Exhibition in the Hungarian National Museum, 9 February - 24 May 2004 Kr ...

, using ''Pseudaelurus intrepidus'' as the type species, proposed to include all ''Pseudaelurus''-grade felids from North America. However, this was largely ignored by later studies until a 2010 review of the Felidae as a whole brought up the proposal again, leading to some authors, though not all, recognizing the generic split.

Description

''Hyperailurictis intrepidus'' was a relatively large species, comparable in size to a modern-day leopard, and overlapping in size with the Eurasian ''Pseudaelurus quadridentatus''. ''H. marshi'' was also a large species, but differed from ''H. intrepidus'' because of certain mandibular features. ''H. stouti'', which was contemporary with the two, was by contrast a very small and slender felid. ''H. validus'' overlaps in size with ''H. intrepidus'' and ''H. marshi'', being similar in size to a leopard. The final species, ''H. skinneri'' is much smaller than ''H. validus'', overlapping in size with the Eurasian species ''Pseudaelurus lorteti'', ''P. cuspidatus'', and ''P. guangheensis''.

Distribution and habitat

''Hyperailurictis validus'' and ''Hyperailurictis skinneri'' are the earliest recorded species, both occurring in various late Hemingfordian localities; ''H. validus'' in New Mexico and Nebraska, and ''H. skinneri'' only in Nebraska. ''H. validus'' is also known from several early Barstovian localities in Nebraska. Also known from early Barstovian-aged localities are the species ''H. intrepidus'' (localities in Texas, Colorado, Nevada, California, and Nebraska), ''H marshi'' (localities in Texas, California, Colorado, and Nebraska) and ''H. stouti'' (from localities in Nebraska and New Mexico). The dubious species ''H. aeluroides'' is also based on a fossil from the early Barstovian; the fossil in question was found in Nebraska. In addition, ''H. intrepidus'', ''H. marshi'', and ''H. stouti'' are all known from localities of late Barstovian age. ''H. intrepidus'' and ''H. marshi'' are both known from localities in Nebraska and California, with ''H. marshi'' additionally occurring in localities in Colorado and New Mexico. ''H. stouti'' has been recorded in localities in Colorado and New Mexico as well.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q48773165 Prehistoric felids Prehistoric carnivoran genera Miocene mammals of North America Miocene carnivorans Fossil taxa described in 1858 Fossil taxa described in 1929