''Hymenodictyon'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

s in the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Rubiaceae Rubiaceae () is a family (biology), family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with Petiole ( ...

. It has about 30

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

.''Hymenodictyon'' At: World Checklist of Rubiaceae At: Kew Gardens Website. (see ''External links'' below). All are

native Native may refer to: People * '' Jus sanguinis'', nationality by blood * '' Jus soli'', nationality by location of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Nat ...

to the

Old World The "Old World" () is a term for Afro-Eurasia coined by Europeans after 1493, when they became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia in the Eastern Hemisphere, previously ...

. The

wood Wood is a structural tissue/material found as xylem in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulosic fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin t ...

of '' Hymenodictyon orixense'' is soft and has limited use, mostly for boxes.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. The

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

for ''Hymenodictyon'' is ''Hymenodictyon orixense'' (

synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means precisely or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are a ...

: ''Hymenodictyon excelsum'').''Hymenodictyon'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In:

Regnum Vegetabile The International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) is an organization established to promote an understanding of plant biodiversity, facilitate international communication of research between botanists, and oversee matters of uniformity and ...

(see ''External links'' below).David J. Mabberley. 1982. ''Hymenodictyon orixense'', page 66. In: "William Roxburgh's 'Botanical description of a new species of ''Swietenia'' (Mahogany)' and other overlooked binomials in 36 vascular plant families". ''Taxon'' 31(1):65-73. ''Hymenodictyon'' was named by

Nathaniel Wallich Nathaniel Wolff Wallich (28 January 1786 – 28 April 1854) was a surgeon and botanist of Danish origin who worked in India, initially in the Danish settlement near Calcutta and later for the Danish East India Company and the British East Indi ...

in 1824 in an addendum to

William Roxburgh William Roxburgh FRSE FRCPE Linnean Society of London, FLS (3/29 June 1751 – 18 February 1815) was a Scottish people, Scottish surgeon and botanist who worked extensively in India, describing species and working on economic botany. He is known ...

's ''Flora Indica'', in an edition published by Carey and Wallich after Roxburgh's death.''Hymenodictyon'' In: International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below).Nathaniel Wallich. 1824. ''Flora Indica; or Descriptions of Indian Plants'' 2:148. The Mission Press. Serampore, India. (see ''External links'' below) The generic name is derived from two

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

words, ''hymen'', "membrane", and ''diktyon'', "net". It refers to the

wing A wing is a type of fin that produces both Lift (force), lift and drag while moving through air. Wings are defined by two shape characteristics, an airfoil section and a planform (aeronautics), planform. Wing efficiency is expressed as lift-to-d ...

that surrounds each seed.Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume II. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington, DC, USA. London, UK. (vol. II). (see ''External links'' below).

Molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

studies have shown that ''Hymenodictyon'' is

paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

over the Madagascan genus '' Paracorynanthe''.Ulrika Manns and Birgitta Bremer. 2010. "Towards a better understanding of intertribal relationships and stable tribal delimitations within Cinchonoideae s.s. (Rubiaceae)". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 56(1):21-39. In ''Hymenodictyon'' and ''Paracorynanthe'', the

stipule In botany, a stipule is an outgrowth typically borne on both sides (sometimes on just one side) of the base of a leafstalk (the petiole (botany), petiole). They are primarily found among dicots and rare among monocots. Stipules are considered part ...

s bear large

deciduous In the fields of horticulture and botany, the term deciduous () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed Leaf, leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, aft ...

gland A gland is a Cell (biology), cell or an Organ (biology), organ in an animal's body that produces and secretes different substances that the organism needs, either into the bloodstream or into a body cavity or outer surface. A gland may also funct ...

s called colleters. The corolla tube is narrow at the base, gradually widening toward the

apex The apex is the highest point of something. The word may also refer to: Arts and media Fictional entities * Apex (comics) A-Bomb Abomination Absorbing Man Abraxas Abyss Abyss is the name of two characters appearing in Ameri ...

. The

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (angiosperms) that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particular have long propaga ...

is a woody capsule.

Species

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online taxonomic database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. History Following the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew launched Plants of the World Online i ...

accepted the following species: *'' Hymenodictyon antakaranensis'' Razafim. & B.Bremer *'' Hymenodictyon austroafricanum'' J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows *'' Hymenodictyon berivotrense'' Cavaco *'' Hymenodictyon biafranum'' Hiern *'' Hymenodictyon decaryi'' Homolle *'' Hymenodictyon embergeri'' Cavaco *'' Hymenodictyon epiphyticum'' Razafim. & B.Bremer *'' Hymenodictyon fimbriolatum'' K.Schum. ex De Wild. *'' Hymenodictyon flaccidum'' Wall. *'' Hymenodictyon floribundum'' (Hochst. & Steud.) B.L.Rob. *'' Hymenodictyon glabrum'' (Cavaco) Razafim. & B.Bremer *'' Hymenodictyon horsfieldii'' Miq. *'' Hymenodictyon kaokoensis'' Swanepoel & van Jaarsv. *'' Hymenodictyon leandrii'' Cavaco *'' Hymenodictyon louhavate'' Homolle *'' Hymenodictyon madagascaricum'' Baill. ex Razafim. & B.Bremer *'' Hymenodictyon obovatum'' Wall. *'' Hymenodictyon occidentale'' Homolle *'' Hymenodictyon orixense'' (Roxb.) Mabb. *'' Hymenodictyon pachyantha'' K.Krause *'' Hymenodictyon parvifolium'' Oliv. *'' Hymenodictyon perrieri'' Drake *'' Hymenodictyon scabrum'' Stapf *'' Hymenodictyon septentrionale'' Cavaco *'' Hymenodictyon seyrigii'' Cavaco *'' Hymenodictyon timoranum'' (Span.) Miq. *'' Hymenodictyon tsingy'' Razafim. & B.Bremer

Species

References

External links