Hermann Hugo (Hugo) Zwillenberg (26 May 1885 in Lyck, East Prussia – 31 October 1966 in Bern; full name: Hermann Hugo Zwillenberg) was a German-Jewish lawyer, entrepreneur and diplomat.

Life

Zwillenberg spent his early years in his native town of Lyck, where he first attended the community school and then the Royal Lyck Gymnasium. After his parents moved to Rastenburg, he attended the Herzog-Albrechts-Gymnasium there, where he passed the Abitur at Easter 1904. Zwillenberg then studied law and political science, first at the Albertus University in Königsberg, then at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin and finally at the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich. In 1908 he passed the first state law examination, then began his practical training as a trainee lawyer. From 1 October 1908 to 30 September 1909 he performed his military service as a one-year volunteer, first until 31 March with the Royal Bavarian 8th Field Artillery Regiment "Prinz Heinrich von Preußen" in Nuremberg and then with the Royal Bavarian 10th Field Artillery Regiment in Erlangen.Lebenslauf von Zwillenberg, Typoskript 1938. He then continued his practical training in Bartenstein, Berlin and Königsberg and passed the second state examination in the spring of 1914. In the meantime, he was awarded a doctorate of both rights by the Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen in 1912.

World War I

After completing his studies and preparatory service, Zwillenberg was appointed to the civil service as a court assessor. Shortly thereafter, he was forced to enlist as a sergeant with the 8th Field Artillery Regiment at the outbreak of World War I on 1 August 1914, and served throughout the war until he was discharged from Army service on 18 December 1918. During his service he received three military decorations: *

Eisernes Kreuz The Iron Cross (, , abbreviated EK) was a military decoration in the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire (1871–1918), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945). The design, a black cross pattée with a white or silver outline, was derived from the in ...

2. Klasse (9. April 1916) * Militärverdienstorden (Bayern) mit Krone und Schwertern (8. Januar 1917) * Dienstauszeichnung (Bayern) 3. Klasse (22. August 1918)

Weimar Republic

After serving in the army, he worked for a short time as a judge in Berlin, then moved to the private sector. Engaged to the daughter of the department store entrepreneur Oscar Tietz, he joined Hermann Tietz & Co. as a trainee. Starting as an in-house lawyer, became an authorized signatory shortly thereafter, and became a partner as early as 1919 On 18 November 1919 he married Elise Regina Tietz (born 11 April 1896 in Munich) in Berlin. The couple had two children, Lutz Oscar Tietz (born 9 December 1925 in Berlin-Charlottenburg; died 25 December 2011 in Bern) and Helga Henriette Linde (born 25 February 1930 in Berlin; died 16 January 2013 in Bern). His younger brother-in-law Martin Tietz also became a partner; his older brother-in-law Georg had already become one in 1917. Later, Zwillenberg became an honorary committee member of the Association of German Department Stores and an honorary tax judge.''Deutscher Warenhaus-Konzern (Warenhäuser Hermann Tietz).'' Sonderdruck aus: ''Deutsches Wirtschafts-Archiv'', Berlin o. J. (um 1928). In 1929 he joined the Berlin Society of Friends. Zwillenberg collected art, including sculptures by the animal sculptor August Gaul, and promoted music within the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde zu Berlin, which appointed him an honorary member for his significant services to the society on the occasion of its 25th anniversary in January 1933.

Nazi era

When the Nazis rose to power in 1933, the Tietz family, including Zwillenberg, was persecuted due to their Jewish heritage. The

Hermann Tietz Hermann Tietz (born 29 April 1837, in Birnbaum an der Warthe near Posen (today Międzychód, Poland), died on 3 May 1907 in Berlin) was a German-Jewish merchant, co-founder of the Tietz Department Store. He was buried in the Weißensee Cemete ...

company was "Aryanized" in 1933/1934, that is, transferred from Jewish to non-Jewish owners, and Zwillenberg left the company. His two brothers-in-law Georg and Martin Tietz emigrated. Martin fled with his wife to Liechtenstein in 1939 and his assets were seized by the

Gestapo The (, ), Syllabic abbreviation, abbreviated Gestapo (), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of F ...

. On 9 November 1938 Zwillenberg was arrested by the Gestapo in his Berlin office during

Kristallnacht ( ) or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (, ), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's (SA) and (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German civilia ...

and taken to the

Sachsenhausen concentration camp Sachsenhausen () or Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg was a German Nazi concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany, used from 1936 until April 1945, shortly before the defeat of Nazi Germany in May later that year. It mainly held political prisoners t ...

the next day, from where he was released on 26 November. On 9 March 1939 he emigrated with his family to the

Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...

. On 10 January 1939 he was appointed Honorary Consul of the Republic of

Nicaragua Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the geographically largest Sovereign state, country in Central America, comprising . With a population of 7,142,529 as of 2024, it is the third-most populous country in Central America aft ...

Rotterdam Rotterdam ( , ; ; ) is the second-largest List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city in the Netherlands after the national capital of Amsterdam. It is in the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, part of the North S ...

. There he soon acquired a majority shareholding in N.V. Eerste Nederlandsche Snaren- en Catgutfabriek and took over the management of the company. After the German occupation of the Netherlands in May 1940, the Zwillenberg family was arrested in

Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , ; ; ) is the capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, largest city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It has a population of 933,680 in June 2024 within the city proper, 1,457,018 in the City Re ...

on 25 October 1943, and taken to the

Westerbork transit camp Camp Westerbork (, , Drents: ''Börker Kamp; Kamp Westerbörk''), also known as Westerbork transit camp, was a Nazi transit camp in the province of Drenthe in the Northeastern Netherlands, during World War II. It was located in the municipality ...

, where they were interned from 4 November 1943 to 15 March 1944. From March to May 1944, the family was imprisoned in the French internment camp in

Vittel Vittel (; archaic ) is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France. Mineral water is bottled and sold here by Nestlé Waters France, under the '' Vittel'' brand. A series of negotiations involving Nestlé, local agr ...

and, after a prisoner exchange with the Allies, in North African internment camps of the

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA, pronounced ) was an international relief agency founded in November 1943 on the joint initiative of the United States, United Kingdom, USSR, and the Republic of China. Its purpose ...

from June 1944 until the end of the war. The family returned to the Netherlands on 26 August 1945.

Post war period

Unlike the Tietz brothers, Zwillenberg did not return to Germany after the Nazi defeat, but remained in the Netherlands with his family. From 1945 to 1958 he was Consul General of the Republic of Nicaragua, also Consul General of the Republic of San Marino. In 1964, he and his wife moved to

Bern Bern (), or Berne (), ; ; ; . is the ''de facto'' Capital city, capital of Switzerland, referred to as the "federal city".; ; ; . According to the Swiss constitution, the Swiss Confederation intentionally has no "capital", but Bern has gov ...

to join their two children who resided there. Hugo Zwillenberg died there on 31 October 1966, his wife Elise on 14 August 1986.

Literature

* Georg Wenzel: ''Deutscher Wirtschaftsführer. Lebensgänge deutscher Wirtschaftspersönlichkeiten. Ein Nachschlagebuch über 13000 Wirtschaftspersönlichkeiten unserer Zeit.'' Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, Hamburg/Berlin/Leipzig 1929, , Spalte 2541 f. * Robert Volz: ''Reichshandbuch der deutschen Gesellschaft. Das Handbuch der Persönlichkeiten in Wort und Bild.'' Band 2: ''L–Z.'' Deutscher Wirtschaftsverlag, Berlin 1931, , S. 2103 (mit Porträtfoto). * Max Osborn (Red.): ''Das Kaufhaus des Westens.'' Berlin 1932, S. 13. (Porträtfoto Zwillenbergs)

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zwillenberg, Hugo 1966 deaths 1885 births Recipients of the Iron Cross, 2nd class Recipients of the Military Merit Order (Bavaria) Sachsenhausen concentration camp prisoners Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the Netherlands German businesspeople 20th-century German lawyers