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Hot stamping (also known as press hardening, hot press forming, or hot forming die quenching) is a relatively new technology which allows ultra-high strength steels (typically 22MnB5
;Direct Process:
The unformed blank is heated in a furnace, formed in hot condition (state 2 in below figure), and quenched in the die to achieve the required properties.
;Indirect Process:
The blank is formed, trimmed, and pierced in cold condition (i.e., state 1 in below figure). It is later heated and quenched in a die to get high strength properties.
Selection of the process depends on part complexity and blank coating ( Zn based coatings typically require indirect process). In either method, the blank is formed in a much softer and formable state and is later hardened in the dies, which have drilled cooling channels. A typical hot stamped components has 1000 MPa (145 ksi)
Metal Stamping
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boron steel
Boron steel refers to steel alloyed with a small amount of boron, usually less than 1%. The addition of boron to steel greatly increases the hardenability of the resulting alloy.
Description
Boron is added to steel as ferroboron (~12-24% B). As t ...
) to be formed into complex shapes, which is not possible with regular cold stamping operations. This process is commonly used for the production of automotive body in white
Body in white (BIW) is the stage in Automotive industry, automobile manufacturing in which a car body's frame has been joined together, that is before painting and before the motor, chassis sub-assemblies, or trim (glass, door locks/handles, sea ...
components because its advantages align with the design criteria of modern passenger vehicles. For high strength aluminium alloy
An aluminium alloy ( UK/IUPAC) or aluminum alloy ( NA; see spelling differences) is an alloy in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. The typical alloying elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin, nickel and zinc. There ...
s, there is a similar hot forming process, which has different metallurgical transformations - Hot Form Quench
Hot Form Quench (HFQ®) - an aluminium hot forming lightweighting technology - is an industrial stamping process for the production of deep drawn, precise and complex geometry ultra-high strength aluminium sheet components. It is the aluminium ho ...
.
Methods
;Direct Process:
The unformed blank is heated in a furnace, formed in hot condition (state 2 in below figure), and quenched in the die to achieve the required properties.
;Indirect Process:
The blank is formed, trimmed, and pierced in cold condition (i.e., state 1 in below figure). It is later heated and quenched in a die to get high strength properties.
Selection of the process depends on part complexity and blank coating ( Zn based coatings typically require indirect process). In either method, the blank is formed in a much softer and formable state and is later hardened in the dies, which have drilled cooling channels. A typical hot stamped components has 1000 MPa (145 ksi) Yield Stress
In materials science and engineering, the yield point is the point on a stress–strain curve that indicates the limit of elasticity (physics), elastic behavior and the beginning of plasticity (physics), plastic behavior. Below the yield point ...
and 1500 MPa (215 ksi) Ultimate tensile strength
Ultimate tensile strength (also called UTS, tensile strength, TS, ultimate strength or F_\text in notation) is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. In brittle materials, the ultimate t ...
. The process is undergoing constant refinement with new grades of steel emerging for hot and cold forming.
Advantages
Higher strength steels may help reducing the weight by downgauging (i.e., use of thinner sheets), while increasing thecrashworthiness
Crashworthiness is the ability of a structure to protect its occupants during an impact. This is commonly tested when investigating the safety of aircraft and vehicles. Different criteria are used to figure out how safe a structure is in a crash, ...
. However, one problem with many high strength steels is that their formability is generally lower than milder grades. In addition, springback and die wear also cause problems as the forming stresses and contact pressures are higher.Billur, E. & T. Altan, "Challenges in Forming Advanced High Strength Steels", in Proceedings of New Developments in Sheet Metal Forming 2010, pp285-304, May 2–4, Stuttgart, Germany (2010).
See also
*CNC plunge milling
CNC plunge milling, also called z-axis milling, is a CNC milling process. In this process, the feed is provided linearly along the tool axis while doing CNC processing.
Plunge milling is effective for the rough machining process of complex sh ...
References
External links
Metal Stamping
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