Hoklos

The Hoklo people () are a Han Chinese subgroup who speak Hokkien, a Southern Min language, or trace their ancestry to southeastern Fujian in China, and known by various related terms such as Banlam people (), Minnan people, Fujianese people or more commonly in Southeast Asia as the Hokkien people (). The Hokkien people are found in significant numbers in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, Myanmar, and the United States. The Hokkien people have a distinct culture and architecture, including Hokkien shrines and temples with tilted sharp eaves, high and slanted top roofs, and finely detailed decorative inlays of wood and porcelain. The Hokkien language, which includes Taiwanese Hokkien, is the mainstream Southern Min, which is partially mutually intelligible to other Southern Min varieties such as Teochew, Zhongshan, Haklau, and Zhenan.

Etymology

In Southern Fujian, the Hokkien speakers refer to themselves as Banlam people () or generally speaking, Hokkien people (). In Mandarin, they also call themselves Minnan people ().

In Taiwan, the term ''"Hoklo"'' is usually used for the people. The term ''Holo'' () is also used to refer to Taiwanese Hokkien and those people who speak it.

The term is likely an exonym originating from Hakka or Cantonese that some Hokkien and Teochew speakers, particularly in Taiwan and China, borrowed from, since the term is not recognized by Hokkien speakers in Southeast Asia.

There are several spellings for the word ''Hoklo'' (), either phonetic or based on folk etymologies:
* a folk etymology emphasizing the people's purported long history originating from the area south of the Yellow River. First introduced by a Taiwanese linguist Wu Huai in 1957, and later popularized by the Taiwanese Ministry of Education for the pronunciation ''Hô-ló''.
* an orthographic borrowing from Hakka, where this word, pronounced ''Ho̍k-ló'', is used to refer to Southern Min-speaking people (specifically the Teochew people). It was adopted by some Southern Min (particularly Haklau Min) speakers in Guangdong.
* a folk etymology emphasizing the people's native connection to Fujian.
* found in the 17th century ''Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum'' as the name for Hokkien-speaking people.

In the Philippines, Chinese Filipinos, most of whom are of ethnic Hokkien descent, usually generally refer to themselves as Lannang () or sometimes more specifically Hokkien people ().

In Malaysia and Singapore, Hokkien-speaking Chinese Malaysians and Singaporeans generally refer to themselves as Tng Lang (), where those of Hokkien-speaking descent are more specifically known as Hokkien people ().

In Indonesia, Hokkien-speaking Chinese Indonesians generally refer to themselves as Tionghoa (), where those of ethnic Hokkien descent are more specifically known as Hokkien people ().

Genetics

In genomic studies, the Han Chinese populations in Fujian (i.e. the Hokkien people) cluster intermediately between the northern Sinitic populations and southern Tai-Kadai and Austronesian populations. This reflects the history of demic diffusion out of the Central Plains region and admixure with Southern tribal minorities.

Other studies deduce a close relation and common paternal ancestry between individuals from the Taihang mountain region of Henan, Fujian Minnan and Chaoshan based on common Y-chromosome patterns and higher prevalence of esophageal cancer, with Han Chinese males from the Taihang region of Henan being posited as the progenitor population for both Fujian Han (i.e. Hokkien people) and the Chaoshan Han (i.e. the Teochew people).

Culture

Architecture

Hoklo architecture is, for the most part, similar to any other traditional Chinese architectural style, but is characterized by higher and more slanted rooftops, the prominent use of decorative wood inlays, the bolder use of bright colors, as well as the utilization of porcelain. The style has been especially well-preserved by diaspora communities in South-East Asia.

Highly decorative and elaborately detailed wood inlays can be seen in the work of the Hokkien communities of Malaysia - for example, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, whereas the Fujian Assembly Hall in Malacca demonstrates the bold use of porcelain in ornamenting the pillars at its entrance. Both buildings are characteristic examples of the traditional Hoklo building and architectural styles brought over by Chinese immigrants to Malaysia.
The main halls of Hoklo public buildings are also a little different in that they are usually decorated with two dragons on the rooftop at the furthest left and right corners and with a miniature figure of a pagoda at the center of the rooftop. Examples of the use of dragons on the rooftop include the Kaiyuan Temple in Fujian, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, Malaysia, the Fujian Assembly Hall in Hoi An, Vietnam.

Language

The Hokkien dialect or topolect belongs to the Sinitic group of dialects or topolects known as Minnan. This language group further includes dialects such as Henghua, Teochew, and Hainanese.

The Hokkien people speak Hokkien, which is mutually intelligible to the Teochew language but to a small degree. Hokkien can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and it also has roots from earlier periods such as the Northern and Southern Dynasties and also a little influence from other sinitic languages as well.Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among sinitic varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Standard Yue. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Sinitic varieties. These include the pronunciation of the initial as , which is now (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is ''tik'', but ''zhú'' in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Sinitic varieties. Hokkien has 5 to 7 tones, or 7 to 9 tones according to traditional sense, depending on the variety. The Amoy dialect for example, has 7-8 tones.

Distribution

Speakers of proper Hokkien language live in the areas of Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in southern Fujian. Most Hokkien-speaking groups in southern Fujian refer to themselves by the area where they live, for example: Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Xiamen or Longyan people. In eastern Guangdong and southern Zhejiang, Haklau Min and Zhenan Min speakers also identify themselves as Hoklo people.

Diaspora

Taiwan

About 70% of the Taiwanese people descend from Hoklo immigrants who arrived to the island prior to the start of Japanese rule in 1895. They could be categorized as originating from Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou based on their dialects and districts of origin. People from the former two areas (Quanzhou-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast, whereas people from the latter two areas (Zhangzhou-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well.

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, Hoklo people are among the four groups of indigenous inhabitants. In order to preserve their culture, the Hoklo along with the Punti, Hakka and Tanka people have special rights under Hong Kong law.

Southeast Asia

The Hoklo or Hokkien-lang (as they are known in Southeast Asia) are the largest ethnic group among Chinese communities in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and the southern part of Thailand. These communities contain the highest concentrations of Hokkien-lang in the region. The various Hokkien language are still widely spoken in these countries, but the daily use of them is slowly decreasing in favor of Mandarin Chinese, English, and local languages.

The Hokkien-lang also make up the largest ethnic group among Chinese Indonesians.

In the Philippines, the Hoklo or Hokkien-lang call themselves Lannang and form the majority of the Sinitic people in the country known as Chinese Filipinos. The native Hokkien language is still spoken there.

United States

After the 1960s, many Hoklo Taiwanese began immigrating to the United States and Canada.

Notable Hoklo people

See also

* Hokkien honorifics
* Demographics of Taiwan
* Taiwanese people
* Teochew people
* Cantonese people

Notes

References

Bibliography

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoklo People
Ethnic groups in Fujian
Ethnic groups in Taiwan