In
Greek mythology
Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the Ancient Greece, ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology. These stories conc ...
, Hippolyta, or Hippolyte
(; ''Hippolytē''), was a daughter of
Ares
Ares (; , ''Árēs'' ) is the List of Greek deities, Greek god of war god, war and courage. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, and the son of Zeus and Hera. The Greeks were ambivalent towards him. He embodies the physical valor necessary for ...
and
Otrera,
[Hyginus, ''Fabulae'', 30] queen of the
Amazons
The Amazons (Ancient Greek: ', singular '; in Latin ', ') were a people in Greek mythology, portrayed in a number of ancient epic poems and legends, such as the Labours of Hercules, Labours of Heracles, the ''Argonautica'' and the ''Iliad''. ...
, and a sister of
Antiope and
Melanippe. She wore her father Ares'
''zoster'', the Greek word found in the
Iliad
The ''Iliad'' (; , ; ) is one of two major Ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is one of the oldest extant works of literature still widely read by modern audiences. As with the ''Odyssey'', the poem is divided into 24 books and ...
and elsewhere meaning "war belt". Some English translations prefer "
girdle".
Hippolyta figures prominently in the myths of both
Heracles
Heracles ( ; ), born Alcaeus (, ''Alkaios'') or Alcides (, ''Alkeidēs''), was a Divinity, divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of ZeusApollodorus1.9.16/ref> and Alcmene, and the foster son of Amphitryon.By his adoptive descent through ...
and
Theseus
Theseus (, ; ) was a divine hero in Greek mythology, famous for slaying the Minotaur. The myths surrounding Theseus, his journeys, exploits, and friends, have provided material for storytelling throughout the ages.
Theseus is sometimes desc ...
. The myths about her are so varied it is thought that they may be about different women. The name ''Hippolyta'' translates as "she who unleashes the horses", deriving from two Greek roots meaning "horse" and "let loose".
Legends
Ninth Labor of Heracles
In the myth of Heracles, Hippolyta's belt (, ''zōstḗr Hippolytēs'') was the object of his
ninth labour. He was sent to retrieve it for
Admete
Admete ( means 'the unbroken, unwedded, untamed') or Admeta, was in Greek mythology, a Mycenaean princess. She was the daughter of King Eurystheus and Antimache Apollodorus2.5.9/ref> and sister to Alexander, Iphimedon, Eurybius, Mentor, Pe ...
, the daughter of King
Eurystheus
In Greek mythology, Eurystheus (; , ) was king of Tiryns, one of three Mycenaean Greece, Mycenaean strongholds in the Argolid, although other authors including Homer and Euripides cast him as ruler of Argos, Peloponnese, Argos.
Family
Eurysthe ...
. Most versions of the myth indicate that Hippolyta was so impressed with Heracles that she gave him the belt without argument (In some versions she engaged in sexual intercourse with
Heracles
Heracles ( ; ), born Alcaeus (, ''Alkaios'') or Alcides (, ''Alkeidēs''), was a Divinity, divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of ZeusApollodorus1.9.16/ref> and Alcmene, and the foster son of Amphitryon.By his adoptive descent through ...
), perhaps while visiting him on his ship. Then, according to
Apollodorus, the goddess
Hera
In ancient Greek religion, Hera (; ; in Ionic Greek, Ionic and Homeric Greek) is the goddess of marriage, women, and family, and the protector of women during childbirth. In Greek mythology, she is queen of the twelve Olympians and Mount Oly ...
, making herself appear as one of the Amazons, spread a rumour among them that Heracles and his crew were abducting their queen, so the Amazons attacked the ship. Among Hippolyta's warriors was
Aella, who was the first to charge at Heracles during the battle. Despite her courage, she fell to Heracles, who, clad in the invulnerable skin of the
Nemean lion, defeated her and the other Amazons. Ultimately, he overpowered Hippolyta, stripped her of the belt, and sailed away, thus fulfilling his labor.
Adventure of Theseus
In the myth of
Theseus
Theseus (, ; ) was a divine hero in Greek mythology, famous for slaying the Minotaur. The myths surrounding Theseus, his journeys, exploits, and friends, have provided material for storytelling throughout the ages.
Theseus is sometimes desc ...
, the hero joined Heracles in his expedition or went on a separate expedition later, and was the one who had the encounter with Hippolyta. Some versions say he abducted her, some that Heracles did the abducting but gave her to Theseus as spoils, and others say that she fell in love with Theseus and betrayed the Amazons by willingly leaving with him. In any case, she was taken to Athens where she was wed to Theseus. In some renditions, the other Amazons became enraged at the marriage and attacked Athens. This was the
Attic War, in which they were defeated by Athenian forces under Theseus or Heracles. In other renditions, Theseus later put Hippolyta aside to marry
Phaedra. So Hippolyta rallied her Amazons to attack the wedding ceremony. When the defenders closed the doors on the attackers, either Hippolyta was killed, Theseus directly killed her in the fight, she was accidentally killed by another Amazon,
Molpadia
In Greek mythology, Molpadia (Ancient Greek: Μολπαδία means 'divine song') may refer to the two different women:
* Molpadia, an Amazon who was said to have fought for both Antiope and Orithyia. She was a participant in the Attic War, ...
, while fighting by Theseus' side, or was accidentally killed by her sister
Penthesilea during this battle or in a separate incident. This killer was in turn slain by Theseus or
Achilles
In Greek mythology, Achilles ( ) or Achilleus () was a hero of the Trojan War who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors. The central character in Homer's ''Iliad'', he was the son of the Nereids, Nereid Thetis and Peleus, ...
. Some stories paint Theseus in a more favorable light, saying that Hippolyta was dead before he and Phaedra were wed, and this battle did not occur. Further complicating the narratives, several ancient writers say the Amazon in question was not Hippolyta at all, but her sister
Antiope,
Melanippe, or
Glauce
In Greek mythology, Glauce (; Ancient Greek: Γλαύκη ''Glaukê'' means 'blue-gray' or 'gleaming'), Latin Glauca, refers to different people:
*Glauce, an Arcadian nymph, one of the nurses of Zeus. She and the other nurses were represente ...
. Moreover, there are combined versions of the tale in which Heracles abducts and kills Hippolyta while Theseus, assisted by
Sthenelus In Greek mythology, Sthenelus (; Ancient Greek: Σθένελος ''Sthénelos,'' "strong one" or "forcer", derived from "strength, might, force") was a name attributed to several different individuals:
* Sthenelus, son of Perseus and Andromeda. ...
and
Telamon, abducts and marries Antiope. There are also stories that Hippolyta or Antiope later bore Theseus a son,
Hippolytus of Athens.
[Quintus Smyrnaeus, ''Posthomerica'', I. 18 ''sqq''., 227 ''sqq''., 538 ''sqq''.]
Shakespeare character

In
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare ( 23 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's nation ...
's ''
A Midsummer Night's Dream
''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' is a Comedy (drama), comedy play written by William Shakespeare in about 1595 or 1596. The play is set in Athens, and consists of several subplots that revolve around the marriage of Theseus and Hippolyta. One s ...
'', Hippolyta is engaged to Theseus, the duke of Athens. In Act I, Scene 1, Theseus and Hippolyta discuss their fast-approaching wedding, which will take place under the new moon in four days (I.i.2). Theseus declares to Hippolyta that, although he "wooed her with his sword," he will wed her "with pomp, with triumph, and with revelling" and promises to begin a celebration that will continue until the wedding (I.i.19).
The characterization of Hippolyta in ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' (as well as that of Theseus), like many other mytho-historical characters found in Shakespeare's plays, is based on ancient biographical accounts found in
Plutarch
Plutarch (; , ''Ploútarchos'', ; – 120s) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo (Delphi), Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for his ''Parallel Lives'', ...
's work ''
Parallel Lives
*
Culture of ancient Greece
Culture of ancient Rome
Ancient Greek biographical works
Ethics literature
History books about ancient Rome
Cultural depictions of Gaius Marius
Cultural depictions of Mark Antony
Cultural depictions of Cicero
...
''. In ''The Life of Theseus'', according to Plutarch, it was Hippolyta who concluded a four month long war between Athens and the Amazons with a peace treaty, resulting in the marriage between Theseus and Hippolyta. The representation of Hippolyta and Theseus in ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' appears to be the playwright's invention.
The character Hippolyta appears in ''
The Two Noble Kinsmen'', a play co-written by Shakespeare and
John Fletcher.
Classical literature sources

Chronological listing of classical literature sources for Hippolyte's belt:
*
Homer
Homer (; , ; possibly born ) was an Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Despite doubts about his autho ...
, ''Iliad'' 2. 649 ff (trans. Murray) (Greek epic poetry C8th BC)
*
Euripides
Euripides () was a Greek tragedy, tragedian of classical Athens. Along with Aeschylus and Sophocles, he is one of the three ancient Greek tragedians for whom any plays have survived in full. Some ancient scholars attributed ninety-five plays to ...
, ''Heracles Mad'', 408 ff (trans. Coleridge) (Greek tragedy C5th BC)
* Euripides, ''Ion'', 1143 ff (trans. Way)
* Euripides, ''
Histories'', 214 ff (trans. Coleridge)
*
Herodotus
Herodotus (; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus (now Bodrum, Turkey), under Persian control in the 5th century BC, and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy. He wrote the '' Histori ...
, ''Histories'' 4. 9-10 (trans. Godley) (Greek history C5th BC)
* Herodotus, ''Historiae'' 4. 82
*
Apollonius Rhodius, ''The Argonautica'' 2. 750 ff (trans. Coleridge) (Greek epic poetry C3rd BC)
* Apollonius Rhodius, ''The Argonautica'' 2. 777 ff
* Apollonius Rhodius, ''The Argonautica'' 2. 966 ff
*
Lycophron, ''Alexandria'' 1327 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek epic poetry C3rd BC)
*
Diodorus Siculus
Diodorus Siculus or Diodorus of Sicily (; 1st century BC) was an ancient Greece, ancient Greek historian from Sicily. He is known for writing the monumental Universal history (genre), universal history ''Bibliotheca historica'', in forty ...
, ''Library of History'' 2. 46. 3-4 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek history C1st BC)
* Diodorus Siculus, ''Library of History'' 4. 16. 1–4
*
Philippus of Thessalonica, ''The Twelve Labors of Hercules'' (''The Greek Classics'' ed. Miller Vol 3 1909 p. 397) (Greek epigram C1st AD)
*
Seneca, ''Agamemnon'' 848 ff (trans. Miller) (Roman tragedy C1st AD)
* Seneca, ''Hercules Furens'' 245 ff (trans. Miller)
* Seneca, ''Hercules Furens'' 542 ff
* Seneca, ''Hercules Oetaeus'' 21 ff (trans. Miller)
* Seneca, ''Hercules Oetaeus'' 1183 ff
* Seneca, ''Hercules Oetaeus'' 1450 ff
* Seneca, ''Hercules Oetaeus'' 1894 ff
*
Plutarch
Plutarch (; , ''Ploútarchos'', ; – 120s) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo (Delphi), Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for his ''Parallel Lives'', ...
, ''Theseus'' 26 ff (trans. Perrin) (Greek history C1st to C2nd AD)
* Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''
The Library'' 2. 5. 9 (trans. Frazer) (Greek mythography C2nd AD)
*
Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' 5. 10. 9 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd AD)
* Pseudo-
Hyginus, ''Fabulae 30'' (trans. Grant) (Roman mythography C2nd AD)
*
Quintus Smyrnaeus, ''Fall of Troy'' 6. 240 ff (trans. Way) (Greek epic poetry C4th AD)
*
Nonnus, ''Dionysiaca'' 25. 148 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic poetry C5th AD)
* Nonnos, ''Dionysiaca'' 25. 242 ff
*
John Tzetzes
John Tzetzes (; , Constantinople – 1180, Constantinople) was a Byzantine poet and grammarian who lived at Constantinople in the 12th century. He is known for making significant contributions in preserving much valuable information from ancien ...
, ''Chiliades'' or ''Book of Histories'' 2. 309 ff (trans. Untila et al.) (Grec-Byzantine history C12 AD)
* Tzetzes, ''Chiliades'' or ''Book of Histories'' 2. 497 ff
References
External links
*
{{Authority control
Labours of Hercules
Queens of the Amazons
Children of Ares
Characters in A Midsummer Night's Dream
Female Shakespearean characters
Theseus
Deeds of Hera