Highest Manned Balloon Flight

This listing of flight altitude records are the records set for the highest aeronautical flights conducted in the atmosphere and beyond, set since the age of ballooning.

Some, but not all of the records were certified by the non-profit international aviation organization, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). One reason for a lack of 'official' certification was that the flight occurred prior to the creation of the FAI.

For clarity, the "Fixed-wing aircraft" table is sorted by FAI-designated categories as determined by whether the record-creating aircraft left the ground by its own power (category "Altitude"), or whether it was first carried aloft by a carrier-aircraft prior to its record setting event (category "Altitude gain", or formally "Altitude Gain, Aeroplane Launched from a Carrier Aircraft"). Other sub-categories describe the airframe, and more importantly, the powerplant type (since rocket-powered aircraft can have greater altitude abilities than those with air-breathing engines).

An essential requirement for the creation of an "official" altitude record is the employment of FAI-certified observers present during the record-setting flight. Thus several records noted are unofficial due to the lack of such observers.

Balloons

* 1783-08-15: ; Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier of France, the first ascent in a hot-air balloon.
* 1783-10-19: ; Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, in Paris.
* 1783-10-19: ; Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier with André Giroud de Villette, in Paris.
* 1783-11-21: ; Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier with Marquis d'Arlandes, in Paris.
* 1783-12-01: ; Jacques Alexandre Charles and his assistant Marie-Noël Robert, both of France, made the first flight in a hydrogen balloon to about . Charles then ascended alone to the record altitude.
* 1784-06-23: ; Pilâtre de Rozier and the chemist Joseph Proust in a Montgolfier.
* 1803-07-18: ; Étienne-Gaspard Robert and Auguste Lhoëst in a balloon.
* 1839: ; Charles Green and Spencer Rush in a free balloon.
* 1862-09-05: about ; Henry Coxwell and James Glaisher in a balloon filled with coal gas. Glaisher lost consciousness during the ascent due to the low air pressure and cold temperature of .
* 1901-07-31: ; Arthur Berson and Reinhard Süring in the hydrogen balloon ''Preußen'', in an open basket and with oxygen in steel cylinders. This flight contributed to the discovery of the stratosphere.
* 1927-11-04: ; Captain Hawthorne C. Gray, of the U.S. Army Air Corps, in a helium balloon. Gray lost consciousness after his oxygen supply ran out and was killed in the crash.
* 1931-05-27: ; Auguste Piccard and Paul Kipfer in a hydrogen balloon.
* 1932: -Auguste Piccard and Max Cosyns in a hydrogen balloon.
* 1933-09-30: ; USSR balloon ''USSR-1''.
* 1933-11-20: ; Lt. Comdr. Thomas G. W. Settle (USN) and Maj Chester L. Fordney (USMC) in ''Century of Progress'' balloon
* 1934-01-30: ; USSR balloon ''Osoaviakhim-1''. The three crew were killed when the balloon broke up during the descent.
* 1935-11-10: ; Captain O. A. Anderson and Captain A. W. Stevens (U.S. Army Air Corps) ascended in the Explorer II gondola from the Stratobowl, near Rapid City, South Dakota, for a flight that lasted 8 hours 13 minutes and covered .
* 1956-11-08: ; Malcolm D. Ross and M. L. Lewis (U.S. Navy) in Office of Naval Research Strato-Lab I, using a pressurized gondola and plastic balloon launching near Rapid City, South Dakota, and landing away near Kennedy, Nebraska.
* 1957-06-02: ; Captain Joseph W. Kittinger (U.S. Air Force) ascended in the Project Manhigh 1 gondola to a record-breaking altitude.
* 1957-08-19: ; above sea level, Major David Simons (U.S. Air Force) ascended from the Portsmouth Mine near Crosby, Minnesota, in the Manhigh 2 gondola for a 32-hour record-breaking flight. Simons landed at 5:32 p.m. on August 20 in northeastern South Dakota.
* 1960-08-16: ; Testing a high-altitude parachute system, Joseph Kittinger of the U.S. Air Force parachuted from the Excelsior III balloon over New Mexico at . He set world records for: high-altitude jump; freefall diving by falling before opening his parachute; and fastest speed achieved by a human without motorized assistance, .
* 1961-05-04: ; Commander Malcolm D. Ross and Lieutenant Commander Victor A. Prather, Jr., of the U.S. Navy ascended in the Strato-Lab V, in an unpressurized gondola. After descending, the gondola containing the two balloonists landed in the Gulf of Mexico. Prather slipped off the rescue helicopter's hook into the gulf and drowned.
* 1966-02-02: ; Amateur parachutist Nicholas Piantanida of the United States with his "Project Strato-Jump" II balloon. Because he was unable to disconnect his oxygen line from the gondola's main feed, the ground crew had to remotely detach the balloon from the gondola. His planned free fall and parachute jump was abandoned, and he returned to the ground in the gondola. Nick was unable to accomplish his desired free fall record, however his spectacular flight set other records that held up for 46 years. Because of the design of his glove, he was unable to reattach his safety seat belt harness. He endured very high g-forces, but survived the descent. Piantanida's ascent is not recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale as a balloon altitude world record, because he did not return with his balloon, although that was not the feat he was trying to accomplish. On this second attempt of "Project Strato-Jump", Nick Piantanida took with him 250 postmarked air-mail envelopes and letters. At the time, these letters were the first covers to have ever been delivered by the U.S. Post Office via space. The habit of taking cover letters to space continued with the Apollo Program; in 1972 there was a scandal involving the Apollo 15 astronauts. It is unclear if any of the "Project Strato-Jump" covers survived, and were eventually mailed to the intended recipients.
* 2012-10-14: ; Felix Baumgartner in the ''Red Bull Stratos'' balloon. The flight started near Roswell, New Mexico, and returned to earth via a record-setting parachute jump.
* 2014-10-24: ; Alan Eustace, a senior vice president at the Google corporation, in a helium balloon, returning to earth via parachute jump during the StratEx mission executed by Paragon Space Development Corporation.

Hot-air balloons

Uncrewed gas balloon

During 1893 French scientist Jules Richard constructed sounding balloons. These uncrewed balloons, carrying light, but very precise instruments, approached an altitude of .

A Winzen balloon launched from Chico, California, in 1972 set the uncrewed altitude record of . Its volume was .

On September 20, 2013, JAXA launched an ultrathin film balloon called BS13-08 made of 2.8 Î¼m thick polyethylene film with a volume of , which was in diameter. The balloon rose at a speed of and reached an altitude of , surpassing the previous world record set in 2002.

This was the greatest height a flying object reached without using rockets or a launch with a cannon.

Gliders

On February 17, 1986, the highest altitude obtained by a soaring aircraft was set at by Robert Harris using lee waves over California City, United States. The flight was accomplished using the Grob 102 Standard Astir III.

This was surpassed at set on August 30, 2006, by Steve Fossett (pilot) and Einar Enevoldson (co-pilot) in their high performance research glider Perlan 1, a modified Glaser-Dirks DG-500. This record was achieved over El Calafate (Patagonia, Argentina) and set as part of the Perlan Project.

This was raised at on September 3, 2017 by Jim Payne (pilot) and Morgan Sandercock (co-pilot) in the Perlan 2, a special built high altitude research glider. This record was again achieved over El Calafate and as part of the Perlan Project.

On September 2, 2018, within the Airbus Perlan Mission II, again from El Calafate, the Perlan II piloted by Jim Payne and Tim Gardner reached , surpassing the attained by Jerry Hoyt on April 17, 1989, in a Lockheed U-2: the highest subsonic flight.

Fixed-wing aircraft

Piston-driven propeller aeroplane

The highest altitude obtained by a piston-driven propeller UAV (without payload) is . It was obtained during 1988–1989 by the Boeing Condor UAV.

The highest altitude obtained in a piston-driven propeller biplane (without a payload) was on October 22, 1938, by Mario Pezzi at Montecelio, Italy in a Caproni Ca.161 driven by a Piaggio XI R.C. engine.

The highest altitude obtained in a piston-driven propeller monoplane (without a payload) was on August 4, 1995, by the Grob Strato 2C driven by two Teledyne Continental TSIO-550 engines.

Jet aircraft

The highest current world absolute general aviation altitude record for air breathing jet-propelled aircraft is set by Aleksandr Vasilyevich Fedotov in a Mikoyan-Gurevich E-266M (MiG-25M) on August 31, 1977.

Rocket plane

The record for highest altitude obtained by a crewed rocket-powered aircraft is the US Space Shuttle (STS) which regularly reached altitudes of more than on servicing missions to the Hubble Space Telescope.

The highest altitude obtained by a crewed aeroplane (launched from another aircraft) is by Brian Binnie in the Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne (powered by a Scaled Composite SD-010 engine with of thrust) on October 4, 2004, at Mojave, California. The SpaceShipOne was launched at over .

The previous (unofficial) record was set by Joseph A. Walker in a North American X-15 in mission X-15 Flight 91 on August 22, 1963. Walker had reached 106 km – crossing the Kármán line the first time – with X-15 Flight 90 the previous month.

During the X-15 program, 8 pilots flew a combined 13 flights which met the Air Force spaceflight criterion by exceeding the altitude of , qualifying these pilots as being astronauts; of those 13 flights, two (flown by the same civilian pilot) met the FAI definition of outer space: .

Mixed power

The official record for a mixed power aircraft was achieved on May 2, 1958, by Roger Carpentier when he reached over Istres, France in a Sud-Ouest Trident II mixed power (turbojet & rocket engine) aircraft.

The unofficial altitude record for mixed-power-aircraft with self-powered takeoff was on December 6, 1963, by Major Robert W. Smith in a Lockheed NF-104A mixed power (turbojet and rocket engine) aircraft.

Electrically powered aircraft

The highest altitude obtained by an electrically powered aircraft is on August 14, 2001, by the NASA Helios, and is the highest altitude in horizontal flight by a winged aircraft. This is also the altitude record for propeller driven aircraft, FAI class U (Experimental / New Technologies), and FAI class U-1.d (Remotely controlled UAV, weight ).

Rotorcraft

On June 21, 1972, Jean Boulet of France piloted an Aérospatiale SA 315B Lama helicopter to an absolute altitude record of . At that extreme altitude, the engine flamed out and Boulet had to land the helicopter by breaking another record: the longest successful autorotation in history. The helicopter was stripped of all unnecessary equipment prior to the flight to minimize weight, and the pilot breathed supplemental oxygen.

Paper airplanes

The highest altitude obtained by a paper plane was previously held by the Paper Aircraft Released Into Space (PARIS) project, which was released at an altitude of , from a helium balloon that was launched approximately west of Madrid, Spain on October 28, 2010, and recorded by ''The Register's'' "special projects bureau". The project achieved a Guinness world record recognition.

This record was broken on 24 June 2015 in Cambridgeshire, UK by the Space Club of Kesgrave High School, Suffolk, as part of their ''Stratos III'' project. The paper plane was launched from a balloon at .

Cannon rounds

The current world-record for highest cannon projectile flight is held by Project HARP’s space gun prototype, which fired a Martlet 2 projectile to a record height of in Yuma, Arizona, on November 18, 1966. The projectile’s trajectory sent it beyond the Kármán line at , making it the first cannon-fired projectile to do so.Graf, Richard K. "A Brief History of the HARP Project". Encyclopedia Astronautica. astronautix.com. Retrieved August 14, 2013.

The Paris Gun (German: Paris-Geschütz) was a German long-range siege gun used to bombard Paris during World War I. It was in service from March–August 1918. Its shells had a range of about with a maximum altitude of about .

See also

* Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
* High-altitude balloon
* High-altitude military parachuting
* High-altitude platform station

Notes

References

Bibliography

* Andrews, C.F. and E.B. Morgan. ''Vickers Aircraft since 1908''. London:Putnam, 1988. .
* Angelucci, Enzo and Peter M. Bowers. ''The American Fighter''. Sparkford, UK:Haynes Publishing Group, 1987. .
* Bridgman, Leonard. ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1951–52''. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd, 1951.

"Eighteen Years of World's Records"
''Flight'', February 7, 1924, pp. 73–75.
* Lewis, Peter. ''British Racing and Record-Breaking Aircraft''. London:Putnam, 1971. .
* Owers, Colin. "Stop-Gap Fighter:The LUSAC Series". ''Air Enthusiast'', Fifty, May to July 1993. Stamford, UK:Key Publishing. ISSN 0143-5450. pp. 49–51.
* Taylor, John W. R. ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66''. London:Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1965.

"The Royal Aero Club of the U.K.: Official Notices to Members"
''Flight'' December 16, 1920.

External links

*Fédération Aéronautique Internationale –the international, non-profit, non-government organization that tracks aircraft world records
Balloon World Records
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
Excelsior III
Details of Kittingers' Jump from a stratospheric balloon in 1960

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