Used colloquially as a
noun
In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, like living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an Object (grammar), object or Subject (grammar), subject within a p ...
or
adjective
An adjective (abbreviations, abbreviated ) is a word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase. Its semantic role is to change information given by the noun.
Traditionally, adjectives are considered one of the main part of speech, parts of ...
, "highbrow" is
synonym
A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means precisely or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are a ...
ous with
intellectual
An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and Human self-reflection, reflection about the nature of reality, especially the nature of society and proposed solutions for its normative problems. Coming from the wor ...
; as an adjective, it also means
elite
In political and sociological theory, the elite (, from , to select or to sort out) are a small group of powerful or wealthy people who hold a disproportionate amount of wealth, privilege, political power, or skill in a group. Defined by the ...
, and generally carries a
connotation of
high culture
In a society, high culture encompasses culture, cultural objects of Objet d'art, aesthetic value that a society collectively esteems as exemplary works of art, as well as the literature, music, history, and philosophy a society considers represen ...
. The term, first recorded in 1875, draws its
metonymy
Metonymy () is a figure of speech in which a concept is referred to by the name of something associated with that thing or concept. For example, the word " suit" may refer to a person from groups commonly wearing business attire, such as sales ...
from the
pseudoscience
Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method. Pseudoscience is often characterized by contradictory, exaggerated or unfalsifiable cl ...
of
phrenology, which teaches that people with large foreheads are more intelligent. The term is deeply connected to
hierarchical
A hierarchy (from Greek: , from , 'president of sacred rites') is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) that are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another. Hierarchy is an importan ...
racial theories from the 19th century. The German physician,
physiologist
Physiology (; ) is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. As a subdiscipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out chemical and ...
, and
anthropologist
An anthropologist is a scientist engaged in the practice of anthropology. Anthropologists study aspects of humans within past and present societies. Social anthropology, cultural anthropology and philosophical anthropology study the norms, values ...
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (11 May 1752 – 22 January 1840) was a German physician, naturalist, physiologist and anthropologist. He is considered to be a main founder of zoology and anthropology as comparative, scientific disciplines. He has be ...
(1752–1840) argued "for human diversity alonglines of racial differences as evidenced by skulls shapes and measurements.
..One metric of Blumenbachs classification was the line of the forehead, said to be higher among '
Caucasians' and lower among 'Mongolians' and '
Ethiopians' and this is the origin of the still common usage of 'highbrow' and 'lowbrow' ".
Applications
"Highbrow" can be applied to
music
Music is the arrangement of sound to create some combination of Musical form, form, harmony, melody, rhythm, or otherwise Musical expression, expressive content. Music is generally agreed to be a cultural universal that is present in all hum ...
, implying most of the
classical music
Classical music generally refers to the art music of the Western world, considered to be #Relationship to other music traditions, distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. It is sometimes distinguished as Western classical mu ...
tradition; to literature—i.e.,
literary fiction
Literary fiction, serious fiction, high literature, or artistic literature, and sometimes just literature, encompasses fiction books and writings that are more character-driven rather than plot-driven, that examine the human condition, or that are ...
and
poetry
Poetry (from the Greek language, Greek word ''poiesis'', "making") is a form of literature, literary art that uses aesthetics, aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meaning (linguistics), meanings in addition to, or in ...
; to films in the
arthouse line; and to comedy that requires significant understanding of
analogies or references to appreciate. The term ''highbrow'' is considered by some (with corresponding labels as 'middlebrow' 'lowbrow') as discerning or selective; and ''highbrow'' is currently distanced from the writer by quotation marks: "We thus focus on the consumption of two generally recognised 'highbrow' genres—opera and classical". The first usage in print of ''highbrow'' was recorded in 1884. The term was popularized in 1902 by Will Irvin, a reporter for ''
The Sun
The Sun is the star at the centre of the Solar System. It is a massive, nearly perfect sphere of hot Plasma (physics), plasma, heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion reactions in its core, radiating the energy from its surface mainly as ...
'' of New York City, who adhered to the phrenological notion of more intelligent people having high foreheads.
Variants
Lowbrow is the opposite of ''highbrow'', and between those brows is the ''
middlebrow'', which term describes the mediocre culture that has neither high expectations nor low expectations as culture. Usage of the term ''middlebrow'' is derogatory, as in
Virginia Woolf
Adeline Virginia Woolf (; ; 25 January 1882 28 March 1941) was an English writer and one of the most influential 20th-century modernist authors. She helped to pioneer the use of stream of consciousness narration as a literary device.
Vir ...
's unsent letter to the ''
New Statesman
''The New Statesman'' (known from 1931 to 1964 as the ''New Statesman and Nation'') is a British political and cultural news magazine published in London. Founded as a weekly review of politics and literature on 12 April 1913, it was at first c ...
'', written in the 1930s and published in ''The Death of the Moth and Other Essays'' (1942). According to the ''
Oxford English Dictionary
The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house. The dictionary, which published its first editio ...
'', the word ''middlebrow'' first appeared in print in 1925, in ''
Punch'': "The
BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current sta ...
claims to have discovered a new type—'the middlebrow'. It consists of people who are hoping that some day they will get used to the stuff that they ought to like". The term had previously appeared in hyphenated form in ''
The Nation
''The Nation'' is a progressive American monthly magazine that covers political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis. It was founded on July 6, 1865, as a successor to William Lloyd Garrison's '' The Liberator'', an abolitionist newspaper ...
'', on 25 January 1912:
In spite of their wide-reaching differences,
Virginia Woolf
Adeline Virginia Woolf (; ; 25 January 1882 28 March 1941) was an English writer and one of the most influential 20th-century modernist authors. She helped to pioneer the use of stream of consciousness narration as a literary device.
Vir ...
describes the highbrow as intimately reliant on the lowbrow. For instance, she considers
Prince Hamlet
Prince Hamlet is the title character and protagonist of William Shakespeare's tragedy ''Hamlet'' (1599–1601). He is the Prince of Denmark, nephew of the usurping King Claudius, Claudius, and son of King Hamlet, the previous King of Denmark. At ...
to be a highbrow lacking orientation in the world once he had lost the lowbrow
Ophelia with her grip on earthly realities: this, she thought, explained why in general highbrows "honour so wholeheartedly and depend so completely upon those who are called lowbrows".
[A. Fox, ''Virginia Woolf and the Literature of the English Renaissnce'' (1990) p. 107]
It was popularized by the American writer and poet
Margaret Widdemer, whose essay "Message and Middlebrow" appeared in the ''Review of Literature'' in 1933. The three
genres of fiction, as American readers approached them in the 1950s and as obscenity law differentially judged them, are the subject of Ruth Pirsig Wood, ''Lolita in Peyton Place: Highbrow, Middlebrow, and Lowbrow Novels'', 1995.
See also
Notes
References
*{{cite journal , first1=Richard A. , last1=Peterson , author-link=Richard A. Peterson (sociologist) , first2=Roger M. , last2=Kern , title=Changing Highbrow Taste: From Snob to Omnivore , journal=
American Sociological Review
The ''American Sociological Review'' is a bi-monthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering all aspects of sociology. It is published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the American Sociological Association. It was established in 1936. It is along ...
, volume=61 , issue=5 , year=1996 , pages=900–907 , doi=10.2307/2096460 , jstor=2096460 Extensive bibliography.
Further reading
*
Arnold, Matthew. ''Culture and Anarchy''.
*
Eliot, T.S. ''Notes Towards the Definition of Culture'' (New York: Harcourt Brace) 1949.
* Lamont, Michèle and Marcel Fournier, editors. ''Cultivating Differences: Symbolic Boundaries and the Making of Inequality'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) 1992. Includes Peter A. Richardson and Allen Simkus, "How musical taste groups mark occupational status groups" pp 152–68.
* Levine, Lawrence W. ''Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America'' (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press) 1988.
*
Lynes, Russell. ''The Tastemakers'' (New York: Harper and Row) 1954.
* Radway, Janice A. ''Feeling for Books: The Book-of-the-Month Club, Literary Taste, and Middle-Class Desire''.
* Rubin, Joan Shelley. ''The Making of Middle-Brow Culture'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press) 1992.
*
Swirski, Peter. ''From Lowbrow to Nobrow''. Montreal, London: McGill-Queen's University Press 2005
*
Woolf, Virginia''Middlebrow'' i
1870s neologisms
Culture
High society (social class)
Social class subcultures
Intellectualism