Heterophyidae is a

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

of intestinal

trematodes Trematoda is a class of flatworms known as trematodes, and commonly as flukes. They are obligate internal parasites with a complex life cycle requiring at least two hosts. The intermediate host, in which asexual reproduction occurs, is a moll ...

in the order

Plagiorchiida Plagiorchiida is a large order of trematodes, synonymous to Echinostomida. They belong to the Digenea, a large subclass of flukes. This order contains relatively few significant parasites of humans. The following families are placed here, ...

. Description: " Tegument covered by spines. Oral sucker not armed or armed by circumoral spines.

Pharynx The pharynx (: pharynges) is the part of the throat behind the human mouth, mouth and nasal cavity, and above the esophagus and trachea (the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs respectively). It is found in vertebrates and invertebrates ...

presented. Genital synus presented. Ventral and genital suckers usually not combined. Cirrus and

bursa Bursa () is a city in northwestern Turkey and the administrative center of Bursa Province. The fourth-most populous city in Turkey and second-most populous in the Marmara Region, Bursa is one of the industrial centers of the country. Most of ...

absent. Two

testes A testicle or testis ( testes) is the gonad in all male bilaterians, including humans, and is homologous to the ovary in females. Its primary functions are the production of sperm and the secretion of androgens, primarily testosterone. The ...

located in posterior part of the body.

Vitellaria ''Vitellaria paradoxa'' (formerly ''Butyrospermum parkii''), commonly known as shea tree, shi tree (, also ), or vitellaria, is a tree of the family Sapotaceae. It is the only species in the genus ''Vitellaria'',intermediate host In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist ''guest'' (symbiont). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include ...

s are

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s of

Prosobranchia Prosobranchia was a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Class (biology), subclass of sea snails, land snails and freshwater snails. This taxon of gastropods dates back to the 1920s. It has however been proven to be polyphyly, polyphyletic (consis ...

, second intermediate hosts are

fish A fish (: fish or fishes) is an aquatic animal, aquatic, Anamniotes, anamniotic, gill-bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fish fin, fins and craniate, a hard skull, but lacking limb (anatomy), limbs with digit (anatomy), digits. Fish can ...

es. Definite hosts are

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class (biology), class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the Oviparity, laying of Eggshell, hard-shelled eggs, a high Metabolism, metabolic rate, a fou ...

s and

mammal A mammal () is a vertebrate animal of the Class (biology), class Mammalia (). Mammals are characterised by the presence of milk-producing mammary glands for feeding their young, a broad neocortex region of the brain, fur or hair, and three ...

s, including

human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus ''Homo''. They are Hominidae, great apes characterized by their Prehistory of nakedness and clothing ...

Genera

*'' Acanthotrema'' Travassos, 1928 *'' Acetodextra'' *'' Alloheterophyes'' Pearson, 1999 *'' Apophallus'' Lühe, 1909 *'' Ascocotyle'' Looss, 1899 *'' Centrocestus'' Looss, 1899 *'' Cercarioides'' Witenberg, 1929 *'' Condylocotyla'' Pearson & Prevot, 1985 *'' Cryptocotyle'' Lühe, 1899 *'' Dermocystis'' Stafford, 1905 *'' Dexiogonimus'' *'' Euryhelmis'' *'' Galactosomum'' Looss, 1899 *'' Haplorchis'' Looss, 1899 *'' Haplorchoides'' Chen, 1949 *'' Heterophyes'' Cobbold, 1866 *'' Heterophyopsis'' Tubangui & Africa, 1938 *'' Heterotestophyes'' Leonov, 1957 *'' Irinaia'' Caballero & Bravo-Hollis, 1966 *'' Metagonimus'' Katsurada, 1912 *'' Metagonimoides'' *'' Neostictodora'' Sogandares-Bernal, 1959 *'' Opisthometra'' Poche, 1926 *'' Pandiontrema'' Oshmarin, 1963 *'' Phocitrema'' Goto & Ozaki, 1930 *'' Phocitremoides'' Martin, 1950 *'' Pholeter'' Odhner, 1915 *'' Procerovum'' Onji & Nishio, 1916 *'' Protoheterophyes'' Pearson, 2002 *'' Pseudogalactosoma'' Yamaguti, 1942 *'' Pseudopygidiopsis'' Yamaguti, 1971 *'' Pygidiopsis'' Looss, 1907 *'' Pygidiopsoides'' Martin, 1951 *'' Scaphanocephalus'' Jägerskiöld, 1903 *'' Sonkulitrema'' Ablasov & Chibichenko, 1960 *'' Stellantchasmus'' Onji & Nishio, 1916 *'' Stictodora'' Looss, 1899 *'' Taphrogonymus'' Cohn, 1904 *'' Telogaster'' *'' Tetracladium'' Kulachkova, 1954

References

External links

* http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Heterophyidae * https://web.archive.org/web/20110817025534/http://gelmintu.ru/klassy-rody-i-semejstva-gelmintov/semejstvo-heterophyidae-odhner-1914.html Trematode families {{parasitic animal-stub