Hermann Jónasson
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Hermann Jónasson (25 December 1896 – 22 January 1976) was an
Iceland Iceland is a Nordic countries, Nordic island country between the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the regi ...
ic politician of the Progressive Party who served as
prime minister of Iceland The prime minister of Iceland () is head of government of the Republic of Iceland. The prime minister is appointed formally by the president of Iceland, president and exercises executive authority along with the Cabinet of Iceland, cabinet subje ...
from 1934 to 1942 and again from 1956 to 1958. He served his first term from 28 July 1934 to 16 May 1942. This term included one of the most difficult times in Icelandic history. In the pre-war years he had to deal with constant pressures from
Nazi Germany Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...
and the United Kingdom regarding Iceland's diplomatic stance. After
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
started, the
German occupation of Denmark At the outset of World War II in September 1939, Denmark declared itself neutral, but that neutrality did not prevent Nazi Germany from occupying the country soon after the outbreak of war; the occupation lasted until Germany's defeat. The ...
severed the ties between the two countries, forcing Iceland to assume full control over its foreign interests which had previously been represented by Denmark. Subsequently, the British occupied Iceland on 10 May 1940. His second term lasted from 24 July 1956 to 23 December 1958. In the elections of 1956 the Progressive Party and the Social Democratic Party joined forces and formed an electoral alliance that became known as the "Fear-Alliance" (Icelandic: ''Hræðslubandalagið''), the fear in question being the fear of the Independence Party. After the elections, the "Fear-Alliance" formed a coalition with The People's Alliance. This was Iceland's first leftist government, and was plagued with troubles from the outset, not the least of which was the relative hostility and distrust of the United States and other
NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO ; , OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental organization, intergovernmental Transnationalism, transnational military alliance of 32 Member states of NATO, member s ...
allies. The coalition eventually fell apart, giving way to the long-lasting "Reconstruction Government" of the Independence Party and the Social Democrats. Hermann had a reputation for being a very strong willed and often hot-tempered man. He however gained great respect of political co-workers and adversaries alike, and is fondly remembered as one of Iceland's greatest 20th-century politicians. As Iceland's Minister for Justice during the 1930s, Hermann was principally responsible for Iceland's near-total refusal to harbor Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution from mainland Europe. In July 1938, Iceland's government issued a declaration stating that it would not grant residence permits to German or Austrian Jews, before also excluding Czech Jews the next year. In May 1938, Hermann declared Iceland a "tightly shut country". After the events of the Night of the Broken Glass in November 1938, Iceland's ambassador in Copenhagen
Sveinn Björnsson Sveinn Björnsson (; 27 February 1881 – 25 January 1952) was the first president of Iceland, serving from 1944 to 1952. Background, education and legal career Sveinn was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, as the son of Björn Jónsson (editor and ...
sent Hermann a letter asking if the government would consider changing its policy in light of changed circumstances. In his reply letter, Hermann answered that his government was "opposed on principle" to granting residence permits to German Jews. Hermann's government justified its refusal to harbor Jewish refugees by referring to the poor economic conditions in Iceland. However, multiple sources, including refugee Hans Mann, Danish diplomat C. A. C. Brun and British diplomat Berkeley Gage, quoted Hermann as having had racial motivations for denying entry to Jews specifically, noting that he had been concerned about protecting the "pure race" of Icelanders. Around thirty Jews were given deportation notices from May 1936 to May 1939, and at least sixteen were deported. He was the father of
Steingrímur Hermannsson Steingrímur Hermannsson (pronounced ; 22 June 1928 – 1 February 2010) was an Icelandic politician who served as prime minister of Iceland from 1983 to 1987, and again from 1988 to 1991. He was the chairman for the Progressive Party from 197 ...
, who would go on to become Prime Minister of Iceland in the 1980s. His grandson,
Guðmundur Steingrímsson Guðmundur Steingrímsson (born 28 October 1972) is an Icelandic politician. He is the son and grandson of former Icelandic Prime Ministers Steingrímur Hermannsson and Hermann Jónasson, respectively. Career Guðmundur was a member of the Alth ...
, was elected to the
Althing The (; ), anglicised as Althingi or Althing, is the Parliamentary sovereignty, supreme Parliament, national parliament of Iceland. It is the oldest surviving parliament in the world. The Althing was founded in 930 at ('Thing (assembly), thing ...
in 2009. In 2007 Hermann was the subject of a mild controversy, when DNA-testing proved that he had, during his years as a public official, fathered a child out of wedlock. A lawyer named Lúðvík Gizurarson had for several years claimed to be Hermann's illegitimate son. He filed a paternity case in 2004 and after several years of legal battles, a DNA test in 2007 indicated a 99.9% probability that Hermann was Lúðvík's father.


References

, - , - 1896 births 1976 deaths Progressive Party (Iceland) politicians Prime ministers of Iceland Agriculture ministers of Iceland Members of justice of Iceland Labour ministers of Iceland Religious affairs ministers of Iceland Transport ministers of Iceland World War II political leaders {{Iceland-politician-stub