Henry Constantine Richter (7 June 1821 – 16 March 1902) was an English zoological

illustrator An illustrator is an artist who specializes in enhancing writing or elucidating concepts by providing a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text or idea. The illustration may be intended to clarify complicate ...

who produced a very large number of skillful coloured

lithographs Lithography () is a planographic method of printing originally based on the miscibility, immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by ...

of birds and mammals, mainly for the scientific books of the renowned English 19th century ornithologist

John Gould John Gould (; 14 September 1804 – 3 February 1881) was an English ornithologist who published monographs on birds, illustrated by plates produced by his wife, Elizabeth Gould (illustrator), Elizabeth Gould, and several other artists, includ ...

. Many of the original drawings used by Richter as the basis for his coloured lithographs were by Gould's wife, Elizabeth Coxen, produced before her death in 1841.Stephens, M 2009, ''Henry Constantine Richter (about 1821-1902)'', Australian Museum, Sydney NSW, accessed 02 Dec 2017, https://australianmuseum.net.au/henry-constantine-richter-about-1821-1902.Cook, KS 2013, 'Gould collections at KU: the story of the Gould Collection', ''John Gould: Bird Illustration in the Age of Darwin'', University of Kansas, accessed 3 Dec 2017, https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/show/gould/about/kucollections. Richter's reputation was overshadowed by that of his much-celebrated employer. Since it was not customary to acknowledge illustrators alongside authors in the titles of publications, his name was forgotten. But in 1978, his great ability and the extent of his contribution to Gould's work came to light, in the work of the researcher Christine E. Jackson.Jackson, CE 2011, 'The painting of hand-coloured zoological illustrations', ''Archives of Natural History'', 38, 1, pp. 36-52.

Early years

Note: : (1) Henry Constantine Richter will be referred to as 'Richter' throughout this article, whereas full-length names will be used for each of his relatives, to reduce confusion. : (2) Where no citation is given in this section for the dates of birth, death, marriage and residence of the Richter family, the information can be accessed online from indexes of English registers in the ''Ancestry.com'' databases at https://www.ancestry.com Richter was born in

Brompton, London Brompton, sometimes called Old Brompton, survives in name as a Wards and electoral divisions of the United Kingdom, ward in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in London. Until the latter half of the 19th century it was a scattered vill ...

in England on 7 Jun 1821, into an artistic family. His father, Henry James Richter (1772-1857), was a philosopher, painter and engraver who was born in

Soho SoHo, short for "South of Houston Street, Houston Street", is a neighborhood in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Since the 1970s, the neighborhood has been the location of many artists' lofts and art galleries, art installations such as The Wall ...

, Middlesex, England to Mary Haigh, the wife of John Augustus Richter, an immigrant from Dresden, Germany - himself an artist and engraver.Cust, LH 2012,'Richter, Henry James', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, accessed 3 Dec 2017, https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/23599. Richter's mother, Charlotte Sophia Edson (1793-1862), had married his father on 2 May 1818 in

Marylebone Marylebone (usually , also ) is an area in London, England, and is located in the City of Westminster. It is in Central London and part of the West End. Oxford Street forms its southern boundary. An ancient parish and latterly a metropo ...

, Middlesex, England. He was their first child. His birth was followed by that of his sister Antonia Charlotte (1823-1896) and his brother Charles (b.1827). A half-sister - Henrietta Sophia (1814-1896) had already been born to Henry James Richter's first wife, Elizabeth Smith (1787-1816), whom he had married on 9 July 1808, and lost after eight years' marriage. Henry James Richter became a well-respected and popular artist - he was a member, and president (1811-1812), of the Associated Artists in Water Colours, exhibiting frequently. He was also elected to membership of the Society of Painters in Oil and Water Colours. Several of his works are owned by the

British Museum The British Museum is a Museum, public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is the largest in the world. It documents the story of human cu ...

. Artistic talent also flourished elsewhere in Richter's family: his half-sister, Henrietta Sophia, became a successful miniature portrait artist, and exhibited at the prestigious

Royal Academy of Arts The Royal Academy of Arts (RA) is an art institution based in Burlington House in Piccadilly London, England. Founded in 1768, it has a unique position as an independent, privately funded institution led by eminent artists and architects. Its ...

in London, 1842–1849.Jackson, C 1978, 'H. C. Richter–John Gould's unknown bird artist', ''Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History'', Volume 9, Issue 1, 11 1978, pages 10-14. The English census returns indicate that the Richters were a close-knit family. For example, in 1851, the 30 year-old Richter was still living with his parents. Henry James Richter did not own a house, but always lived in rented accommodation. In that year, when he was aged 79, his household consisted of: his wife, Charlotte Sophia, his adult son, both of his adult daughters and one servant. This arrangement may have been out of financial necessity as much as family affection - artist and lithographers were paid very little. As related by Jackson (p. 48), one practitioner, GJ Keulmans, wrote of his remuneration: "it has just saved me from starvation and nothing else".

The technique of lithography

Richter's work with his coloured lithographs was breaking new ground at the time. The technique was labour-intensive and demanded great skill and attention to minute detail. The University of Tasmanian explains the process that artists use to produce a lithograph from an image, such as a sketch, a drawing or a painting:

Lithography is essentially a chemical process. A drawing is made with a greasy crayon on limestone, then gum arabic and nitrate acid is rubbed into the material, changing its molecular structure so that when ink is applied it adheres to the crayon marks, but not the stone. Fine details are more difficult to achieve, but tonal qualities are easily suggested and it is possible for a drawing to be made directly onto the stone. The result is a more spontaneous impression, with the broad, fluid lines of a crayon and tonal planes producing a much softer or subtler result than that produced by the black and white linear imprint of engravings. - University of Tasmania.University of Tasmania, 2007, 'Imaging the thylacine: the exotic thylacine', ''Exhibitions'', Hobart, Tasmania, accessed 3 Dec 2017, http://www.utas.edu.au/library/exhibitions/thylacine/exotic.html.

John Gould was an experienced taxidermist, using his skill to preserve the skins of birds from his various worldwide expeditions. These skins were used by his artists to guide their illustrations, together with initial sketches made by Gould to indicate his requirements for the exact appearance of the finished images. The

London Zoo London Zoo, previously known as ZSL London Zoo or London Zoological Gardens and sometimes called Regent's Park Zoo, is the world's oldest scientific zoo. It was opened in London on 27 April 1828 and was originally intended to be used as a colle ...

was opened to the public in 1847 and was a further source of models of birds and animals for Richter's drawings.

Career

Richter's earliest published bird illustrations were three plates in the book ''Genera of birds'' (1844–1849) by

George Robert Gray George Robert Gray (8 July 1808 – 6 May 1872) was an English zoology, zoologist and author, and head of the Ornithology, ornithological section of the British Museum, now the Natural History Museum, London, Natural History Museum, London f ...

. The plates depicted the Indian Barn Owl ''Strix javanica'', the head and claws of two other owls, and a member of the pheasant and partridge family, Clapperton's spurfowl ''Pternistis clappertoni''. His illustrations attracted the favourable attention of ornithologists. In 1841 Richter was contacted by the zoologist John Gould, who urgently needed an illustrator, after the death of his wife Elizabeth Coxen (1804-1841), because he had committed to producing various parts of his lavish books on certain dates. The Gould-Richter working relationship lasted for forty years, until Gould died in 1881. Richter created about 3,000 lithographic plates and watercolours for Gould. Other illustrators employed by Gould included Edward Lear, William Matthew Hart and Joseph Wolf, although it was Richter who produced the vast majority of the works during Gould's lifetime. Amongst his best known illustrations are those of the male and female

thylacine The thylacine (; binomial name ''Thylacinus cynocephalus''), also commonly known as the Tasmanian tiger or Tasmanian wolf, was a carnivorous marsupial that was native to the Mainland Australia, Australian mainland and the islands of Tasmani ...

, from Gould's '' Mammals of Australia'' (1845–63) - frequently copied since publication. For example, an Australian company Cascade Brewery used the image on the label for one of their brands of beer, in 1987. Previously, the Tasmanian Government had published a monochromatic reproduction of the same image, in 1934 Government Tourist Bureau, Tasmania, ''Tasmania: The Wonderland'', Hobart, Government Printer, Tasmania, 1934 and, earlier still, the author Louisa Anne Meredith also copied it for ''Tasmanian Friends and Foes'' (1881). In his will, John Gould wrote "I bequeath to my Artist H C Richter a legacy of £100 as a kind remembrance for the purchase of a ourningring or any other article that he may prefer". He seems to have been unconcerned about the impecunious state of his 60-year-old artist, although Richter had contributed so materially to his own prosperity for over four decades. After Gould's death Richter gained a small amount of work for Gray's ''Birds of Asia'', and he prepared a plate for Sir Richard Owen's ''Memoirs on the extinct wingless birds of New Zealand'' (1878—1879 ). Work already completed by him was used in Gould's books that were published posthumously, such as ''Birds of Asia'', but new plates for the books were commissioned from William Hart.

Final years

Lacking a regular income after the death of Gould, Richter became dependent upon his sister, Antonia Charlotte, who had married a wealthy Nottinghamshire farmer with property in Ranby, Henry Francis Noble Champion. Antonia Champion had become a widow in 1854, one year after her marriage, and she inherited her husband's London residence in the

Lisson Grove Lisson Grove is a street and district in the City of Westminster in the West End of London, West End. The street neighbourhood contains a few important cultural landmarks, including Lisson Gallery, Alfies Antique Market, Red Bus Recording Studio ...

area of London. She continued to live there alone with a servant, and did not marry again. After John Gould's death Antonia Champion took in her brother and their half-sister Henrietta Sophia Richter. Since Henry James Richter's death in 1857 they had been living in pauper's lodgings in the Lisson Grove area, with their mother whilst she was alive. When Antonia Champion died in 1896, the house passed to Richter, and he stayed there until his death. The probate administration record states that he died 16 March 1902, and that administration occurred 17 April 1902. His estate was valued at just under 840 pounds. Nothing is known of the life of Richter's younger brother, Charles Richter, beyond a mention in the English Census of 1841, when he was 14 years of age and living with his parents. In 1896, Richter had lost not only his sister, Antonia Charlotte Champion (in January), but also his half-sister, Henrietta Sophia Richter (in October), and since none of them had children, the Richter family line appears to have ended with the passing of Henry Constantine Richter.

Works illustrated

Jackson (pp. 13–14) lists the 1,600+ hand-coloured plates drawn by Richter as follows:

* Gray, George Robert, ''Genera of bird, 1844-1849, 3 vols. :: In Vol I plate XV, ''Strix javanica'' HCR del. :: In Vol I plate 15, Head and claws of ''Phodius badicus'' & ''Strix flammea'' HCR del. :: In Vol III ''Francolinus clappertoni'' HCR del. * Gould, John, ''Birds of Australia'', 1840-1848, 600 plates, & ''Supplement'', 1851-1869, 81 plates, HCR after 1841 (when Mrs Gould died) del. & lith. * Gould, Joh, ''Monograph of the Odontophorinae or partridges of America'', 1844-50, 32 plates JG & HCR del. & lith. * ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London'', plates drawn and lith. by HCR. :: 1848 Aves Pl.I ''Trochilus (Helianthea) eos'' Gould ::::: Pl.II ''Trochilus (Heliangelus) mavors'' Gould ::::: Pl.IV ''Cinclosoma castaneothorax'' Gould :: 1849 Pl. XII ''Ptiloris Victoriae'' Gould :: 1850 (opp. P. 212) ''Notornis Mantelli'' Owen * ''Transactions of the Zoological Society of London'' Plate drawn by HCR. :: 1849, iii: 379-380 Gould J. On a new species of Genus ''Apteryx''. Plate accompanying text ''Apterux owenii'' * Gould, John, ''Monograph of the Trochilidae, or family of humming-birds'', 1849-1861. :: 5 vols, 360 plates, JG & HCR del. et lith. * Gould, John, ''A monograph of the Ramphastidae or family of toucans: Supplement'', 1855. :: 21 plates, JG & HCR, 2nd ed, 1852-1854, 52 plates JG & HCR del. & lith. * Gould, John, ''A monograph of the Trogonidae or family of trogons'' 2nd ed., 1858-1875. :: 47 plates, JG & W. Hart & HCR del. & lith. * Gould, John, ''Birds of Asia'', 1850-1883, 7 vols. Approx. 500 plates JG & HCR and J. Wolf & HCR. * Gould, John, ''The birds of Great Britain'', 1862-1873, 5 vols, 367 plates. Artists JG, HCR & J. Wolf. * Owen, Richard, ''Memoirs on the extinct wingless birds of New Zealand'', 1878-1879. ::1 large folded plate depicting ''Notornis mantelli'', JG & HCR del & lith. * Gould, John, ''A monograph of the Pittidae, edited by R. B. Sharpe'', 1880. ::10 plates from other Gould titles, including 3 plates JG & HCR del. * lith.

Note: Jackson's list omits ''Mammals of Australia'', 1845–1863, though it is not clear whether this was intentional or not. Certainly his contribution of illustrations for the book was significant.

A selection of illustrations by Richter

Unlike paintings, lithographs in Richter's time tended not to be dated by the artist, so it is normal to use the publication date of the book in which the lithograph was printed.
Patagona Gigas.jpg, Giant Hummingbird, ''Patagona gigas'', 1887, ''A Monograph of the Trochilidæ, or Family of Hummingbirds'', J Gould & H.C. Richter Psittacula derbiana.JPG, Lord Derby's Parakeet, ''Psittacula derbiana'', J. Gould & H.C. Richter ParusCinereusGould.jpg, Cinereous Tit, ''Parus cinereus'', between 1850 and 1883, ''Birds of Asia, Volume 2'', J Gould & H. C. Richter Aethopyga gouldiae.JPG, Mrs Gould's Sunbird, ''Aethopyga gouldiae'', J Gould & H.C. Richter PasserAmmodendriGould.jpg, Saxual Sparrow, ''Passer ammodendri'', ''Birds of Asia, Volume V'', J Gould and H. C. Richter Pteruthius ripleyi.JPG, Himalayan Shrike-babbler, ''Pteruthius ripleyi'', J. Gould & H.C. Richter Petaurus norfolcensis - Gould.jpg, Squirrel Glider, ''Petaurus norfolcensis'', 1845–1863, ''Mammals of Australia'', J Gould & H. C. Richter Pseudomys gouldii - Gould.jpg, Gould's Mouse, ''Pseudomys gouldii'', 1863, ''Mammals of Australia'', J Gould & H. C. Richter Gould John Duckbilled Platypus 1845-1863.png, Duckbilled Platypus, ''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'', 1845–1863, ''Mammals of Australia'', Gould & H. C. Richter Phascolarctus cinereus Gould.jpg, Koala, ''Phascolarctus cinereus'', 1845–1863, ''Mammals of Australia'', J Gould & H. C. Richter Vombatus ursinus Gould.jpg, Common Wombat, ''Vombatus ursinus'', 1845–1863, ''Mammals of Australia'', J Gould & H. C. Richter Dasyurus hallucatus - Gould.jpg, Northern Quoll, ''Dasyurus hallucatus'', 1845–1863, ''Mammals of Australia'', J Gould & H. C. Richter

External links

''Birds of Australia'', 1848, J Gould, with illustrations by Richter and others

''Birds of Great Britain'', Vol. 1, 1873, J Gould, with illustrations by Richter, Hart & Wolf

''The Mammals of Australia'', Vol. 1, 1863, J Gould (with illustrations by Richter and others)

Richter family tree in Ancestry.com (membership required)

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Richter, Henry Constantine 1821 births 1902 deaths Artists from the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea British bird artists British illustrators British lithographers English people of German descent 19th-century British painters Australian bird artists