Henri Lefebvre ( ; ; 16 June 1901 – 29 June 1991) was a French

Marxist Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflic ...

philosopher Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, Value (ethics and social sciences), value, mind, and language. It is a rational an ...

and sociologist, best known for furthering the critique of

everyday life Everyday life, daily life or routine life comprises the ways in which people typically act, think, and feel on a daily basis. Everyday life may be described as mundane, routine, natural, habitual, or Normality (behavior), normal. Human diurna ...

, for introducing the concepts of the

right to the city The Right to the City is a concept and slogan that emphasizes the need for inclusivity, accessibility, and democracy in urban spaces. The idea was first articulated by French philosopher Henri Lefebvre in his 1968 book , in which he argued that ...

and the production of

social space A social space is physical or virtual space such as a social center, online social media, or other gathering place where people gather and interact. Some social spaces such as town squares or parks are public places; others such as pubs, we ...

, and for his work on

dialectical materialism Dialectical materialism is a materialist theory based upon the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that has found widespread applications in a variety of philosophical disciplines ranging from philosophy of history to philosophy of scien ...

, alienation, and criticism of

Stalinism Stalinism (, ) is the Totalitarianism, totalitarian means of governing and Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union (USSR) from History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953), 1927 to 1953 by dictator Jose ...

existentialism Existentialism is a family of philosophical views and inquiry that explore the human individual's struggle to lead an authentic life despite the apparent absurdity or incomprehensibility of existence. In examining meaning, purpose, and valu ...

, and

structuralism Structuralism is an intellectual current and methodological approach, primarily in the social sciences, that interprets elements of human culture by way of their relationship to a broader system. It works to uncover the structural patterns t ...

. In his prolific career, Lefebvre wrote more than sixty books and three hundred articles. He founded or took part in the founding of several intellectual and academic journals such as ''Philosophies'', ''La Revue Marxiste'', ''

Arguments An argument is a series of sentences, statements, or propositions some of which are called premises and one is the conclusion. The purpose of an argument is to give reasons for one's conclusion via justification, explanation, and/or persua ...

'', ''Socialisme ou Barbarie'', and ''Espaces et Sociétés''.

Biography

Lefebvre was born in Hagetmau, Landes, France. He studied philosophy at the

University of Paris The University of Paris (), known Metonymy, metonymically as the Sorbonne (), was the leading university in Paris, France, from 1150 to 1970, except for 1793–1806 during the French Revolution. Emerging around 1150 as a corporation associated wit ...

(the Sorbonne), graduating in 1920. By 1924 he was working with

Paul Nizan Paul-Yves Nizan (; 7 February 1905 – 23 May 1940) was a French philosopher and writer. He was born in Tours, Indre-et-Loire and studied in Paris where he befriended fellow student Jean-Paul Sartre at the Lycée Henri IV. He became a member of ...

, Norbert Guterman,

Georges Friedmann Georges Philippe Friedmann (; 13 May 1902 – 15 November 1977) was a French sociologist and philosopher, known for his influential work on the effects of industrial labor on individuals and his criticisms of the uncontrolled embrace of techno ...

Georges Politzer Georges Politzer (; born Politzer György; 3 May 190323 May 1942) was a Hungarian-born French philosopher and Marxist theoretician of Hungarian Jewish origin, affectionately referred to by some as the "red-headed philosopher" (''philosophe roux ...

, and Pierre Morhange in the ''Philosophies'' group seeking a "philosophical revolution". This brought them into contact with the

Surrealists Surrealism is an art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike scenes and id ...

Dada Dada () or Dadaism was an anti-establishment art movement that developed in 1915 in the context of the Great War and the earlier anti-art movement. Early centers for dadaism included Zürich and Berlin. Within a few years, the movement had s ...

ists, and other groups, before they moved towards the

French Communist Party The French Communist Party (, , PCF) is a Communism, communist list of political parties in France, party in France. The PCF is a member of the Party of the European Left, and its Member of the European Parliament, MEPs sit with The Left in the ...

(PCF). Lefebvre joined the PCF in 1928 and became one of the most prominent French Marxist intellectuals during the second quarter of the 20th century, before joining the

French resistance The French Resistance ( ) was a collection of groups that fought the German military administration in occupied France during World War II, Nazi occupation and the Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy#France, collaborationist Vic ...

. From 1944 to 1949, he was the director of ''

Radiodiffusion Française Radiodiffusion Française (; RDF) was a French public institution responsible for public service broadcasting. Created in 1944 as a state monopoly (replacing Radiodiffusion Nationale), RDF worked to rebuild its extensive network, destroyed duri ...

'', a French radio broadcaster in

Toulouse Toulouse (, ; ; ) is a city in southern France, the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Haute-Garonne department and of the Occitania (administrative region), Occitania region. The city is on the banks of the Garonne, River Garonne, from ...

. Among his works was a highly influential, anti-Stalinist text on dialectics called ''Dialectical Materialism'' (1940). Seven years later, Lefebvre published his first volume of ''The Critique of Everyday Life''. His early work on method was applauded and borrowed centrally by the philosopher

Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary criticism, literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th ...

in ''

Critique of Dialectical Reason ''Critique of Dialectical Reason'' () is a 1960 book by the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, in which the author further develops the existentialist Marxism he first expounded in his essay '' Search for a Method'' (1957). ''Critique of Dialectical R ...

'' (1960). During Lefebvre's thirty-year stint with the PCF, he was chosen to publish critical attacks on opposed theorists, especially existentialists like Sartre and Lefebvre's former colleague Nizan, only to intentionally get himself expelled from the party for his own heterodox theoretical and political opinions in the late 1950s. He then went from serving as a primary intellectual for the PCF to becoming one of France's most important critics of the PCF's politics (e.g. immediately, the lack of an opinion on Algeria, and more generally, the partial apologism for and continuation of

) and intellectual thought (i.e.

, especially the work of

Louis Althusser Louis Pierre Althusser (, ; ; 16 October 1918 – 22 October 1990) was a French Marxist philosopher who studied at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, where he eventually became Professor of Philosophy. Althusser was a long-time member an ...

). In 1961, Lefebvre became professor of sociology at the

University of Strasbourg The University of Strasbourg (, Unistra) is a public research university located in Strasbourg, France, with over 52,000 students and 3,300 researchers. Founded in the 16th century by Johannes Sturm, it was a center of intellectual life during ...

, before joining the faculty at the new university at

Nanterre Nanterre (; ) is the prefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine department in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located some northwest of the centre of Paris. In 2018, the commune had a population of 96,807. The eastern part of Nanterre, b ...

in 1965. He was one of the most respected professors, and he had influenced and analysed the May 1968 student revolt. Lefebvre introduced the concept of the

in his 1968 book ''Le Droit à la ville'' (the publication of the book predates the May 1968 revolts which took place in many French cities). Following the publication of this book, Lefebvre wrote several influential works on cities, urbanism, and space, including ''The Production of Space'' (1974), which became one of the most influential and heavily cited works of

urban theory Urban theory describes the economic, political, and social processes which affect the formation and development of cities. Overview Theoretical discourse has often polarized between economic determinismMarx, K. (1976) Capital Vol 1Harmondsworth: ...

. By the 1970s, Lefebvre had also published some of the first critical statements on the work of

post-structuralists Post-structuralism is a philosophical movement that questions the objectivity or stability of the various interpretive structures that are posited by structuralism and considers them to be constituted by broader systems of Power (social and poli ...

, especially

Michel Foucault Paul-Michel Foucault ( , ; ; 15 October 192625 June 1984) was a French History of ideas, historian of ideas and Philosophy, philosopher who was also an author, Literary criticism, literary critic, Activism, political activist, and teacher. Fo ...

. During the following years he was involved in the editorial group of ''Arguments'', a

New Left The New Left was a broad political movement that emerged from the counterculture of the 1960s and continued through the 1970s. It consisted of activists in the Western world who, in reaction to the era's liberal establishment, campaigned for freer ...

magazine which largely served to enable the French public to familiarize themselves with Central European revisionism. Lefebvre died in 1991. In his obituary, ''

Radical Philosophy ''Radical Philosophy'' is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal of critical theory and philosophy. It was established in 1972 with the purpose of providing a forum for the theoretical work which was emerging in the wake of the radical movemen ...

'' magazine honored his long and complex career and influence:

Critique of everyday life

One of Lefebvre's most important contributions to social thought is the idea of the "critique of everyday life", which he pioneered in the 1930s. Lefebvre defined everyday life dialectically as the intersection of "illusion and truth, power and helplessness; the intersection of the sector man controls and the sector he does not control", and is where the perpetually transformative conflict occurs between diverse, specific rhythms: the body's polyrhythmic bundles of natural rhythms, physiological (natural) rhythms, and social rhythms (Lefebvre and Régulier, 1985: 73). The everyday was, in short, the space in which all life occurred, and between which all fragmented activities took place. It was the residual. While the theme presented itself in many works, it was most notably outlined in his eponymous three-volume study, which came out in individual installments, decades apart, in 1947, 1961, and 1981. Lefebvre argued that everyday life was an underdeveloped sector compared to technology and production, and moreover that in the mid 20th century, capitalism changed such that everyday life was to be colonized. In this zone of everydayness (boredom) shared by everyone in society regardless of class or specialty, autocritique of everyday realities of boredom vs. societal promises of free time and leisure, could lead to people understanding and then revolutionizing their everyday lives. This was essential to Lefebvre because everyday life was where he saw capitalism surviving and reproducing itself. Without revolutionizing everyday life, capitalism would continue to diminish the quality of everyday life, and inhibit real self-expression. The critique of everyday life was crucial because it was for him only through the development of the conditions of human life—rather than abstract control of productive forces—that humans could reach a concrete utopian existence. Lefebvre's work on everyday life was heavily influential in French theory, particularly for the Situationists, as well as in politics (e.g. for the May 1968 student revolts). The third volume has also recently influenced scholars writing about digital technology and information in the present day, since it has a section dealing with this topic at length, including analysis of the (1977); key aspects of

information theory Information theory is the mathematical study of the quantification (science), quantification, Data storage, storage, and telecommunications, communication of information. The field was established and formalized by Claude Shannon in the 1940s, ...

; and other general discussion of the "colonisation" of everyday life through information communication technologies as "devices" or "services".

Social production of space

Lefebvre dedicated a great deal of his philosophical writings to understanding the importance of (the production of) space in what he called the reproduction of social relations of production. This idea is the central argument in the book ''The Survival of Capitalism'', written as a sort of prelude to (1974) (''The Production of Space''). Lefebvre contends that there are different modes of production of space (i.e. spatialization) from natural space ('absolute space') to more complex spaces and flows whose meaning is produced in a social way (i.e. social space). Lefebvre analyzes each historical mode as a three-part dialectic between everyday practices and perceptions (), representations or theories of space () and the spatial imaginary of the time (). Lefebvre's argument in ''The Production of Space'' is that space is a social product, or a complex social construction (based on values, and the social production of meanings) which affects spatial practices and perceptions. Lefebvre argued that every society—and, therefore, every mode of production—produces a certain space, its own space. Lefebvre's concept has been criticised: e.g. in ''The Urban Question'',

Manuel Castells Manuel Castells Oliván (; born 9 February 1942) is a Spanish sociologist. He is well known for his authorship of a trilogy of works, entitled '' The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture''. He is a scholar of the information society, c ...

. Many responses to Castells are provided in ''The Survival of Capitalism'', and some such as Andy Merrifield argue that the acceptance of those critiques in the academic world would be a motive for Lefebvre's effort in writing the long and theoretically dense ''The Production of Space''. In "Actually-Existing Success: Economics, Aesthetics, and the Specificity of (Still-)Socialist Urbanism," Michal Murawski critiques Lefebvre's dismissal of actually existing socialism by showing how socialist states produced differential space.

Bibliography

*1925 "''Positions d'attaque et de défense du nouveau mysticisme''", ''Philosophies'' 5–6 (March). pp. 471–506. (Pt. 2 of the "Philosophy of Consciousness" (''Philosophie de la conscience'') project on being, consciousness and identity, originally proposed as a DES thesis to

Léon Brunschvicg Léon Brunschvicg (; 10 November 1869 – 18 January 1944) was a French Idealist philosopher. He co-founded the '' Revue de métaphysique et de morale'' with Xavier Léon and Élie Halévy in 1893. Life He was born into a Jewish family. Fr ...

and eventually abandoned—Lefebvre's DES 1920 thesis was titled ''Pascal et Jansénius'' ('' Pascal and

Jansenius Cornelius Jansen (; ; Latinized name Cornelius Jansenius; also Corneille Jansen; 28 October 1585 – 6 May 1638) was the Dutch Catholic bishop of Ypres in Flanders and the father of a theological movement known as Jansenism. Biography He was ...

'').)Schrift (2006), p. 152.Elden 2004, p. 96. *1934 with Norbert Guterman, ''Morceaux choisis de Karl Marx'', Paris: NRF (numerous reprintings). *1936 with Norbert Guterman, ''La Conscience mystifiée'', Paris: Gallimard (new ed. Paris: Le Sycomore, 1979). *1937 ''Le nationalisme contre les nations'' (Preface by Paul Nizan), Paris: ''Éditions sociales internationales'' (reprinted, Paris: Méridiens-Klincksliek, 1988, Collection "Analyse institutionnelle", Présentation M. Trebitsch, Postface Henri Lefebvre). *1938 ''Hitler au pouvoir, bilan de cinq années de fascisme en Allemagne'', Paris: Bureau d'Éditions. *1938 with Norbert Guterman, ''Morceaux choisis de Hegel'', Paris: Gallimard (3 reprintings 1938–1939; in the reprinted Collection "Idées", 2 vols. 1969). *1938 with Norbert Guterman, ''Cahiers de Lénine sur la dialectique de Hegel'', Paris: Gallimard. *1939 ''Nietzsche'', Paris: ''Éditions sociales internationales''. *1940 ''Le Matérialisme Dialectique'', Paris: PUF. Trans. John Sturrock, ''Dialectical Materialism,'' Jonathan Cape Ltd. *1942 ''Le Don Juan du Nord'', ''Europe – revue mensuelle'' 28, April 1948, pp. 73–104. *1946 ''L'Existentialisme'', Paris: Éditions du Sagittaire. *1947 ''Logique formelle, logique dialectique'', Vol. 1 of ''A la lumière du matérialisme dialectique'', written in 1940–41 (2nd volume censored). Paris: Éditions sociales. *1947 ''Descartes'', Paris: Éditions Hier et Aujourd'hui. *1947 ''Critique de la vie quotidienne'', L'Arche, trans. John Moore, ''Critique of Everyday Life Volume 1: Introduction'', London: Verso, 1991. *1948 ''Le Marxisme'', Paris: PUF. *1950 ''Knowledge and Social Criticism, Philosophic Thought in France and the USA'' Albany N.Y.: State University of New York Press. pp. 281–300 (2nd ed. 1968). *1958 ''Problèmes actuels du marxisme'', Paris: Presses universitaires de France; 4th edition, 1970, Collection "Initiation philosophique" *1958 (with

Lucien Goldmann Lucien Goldmann (; 20 July 1913 – 8 October 1970) was a French philosopher and sociologist of Jewish-Romanian origin. A professor at the EHESS in Paris, he was a Marxist theorist. His wife was sociologist Annie Goldmann. Biography Goldmann w ...

, Claude Roy,

Tristan Tzara Tristan Tzara (; ; ; born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S. Samyro; – 25 December 1963) was a Romanian and French avant-garde poet, essayist and performance artist. Also active as a journalist, playwright, literary and art critic, c ...

) ''Le romantisme révolutionnaire'', Paris: La Nef. *1961 ''Critique de la vie quotidienne II, Fondements d'une sociologie de la quotidienneté'', Paris: L'Arche, trans. John Moore, ''Critique of Everyday Life Volume II: Foundations for a Sociology of the Everyday'', London: Verso, 2008. *1962 ''Introduction à la Modernité'', Paris. Trans. John Moore, ''Introduction to Modernity: Twelve Preludes September 1959-May 1961'', London: Verso. *1963 ''La vallée de Campan - Etude de sociologie rurale'', Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. *1965 ''Métaphilosophie'', foreword by

Jean Wahl Jean André Wahl (; 25 May 1888 – 19 June 1974) was a French philosopher. Early career Wahl was educated at the École Normale Supérieure. He was a professor at the Sorbonne from 1936 to 1967, broken by World War II. He was in the United Sta ...

, Paris: Éditions de Minuit, Collection "Arguments". Trans. David Fernbach and ed. Stuart Elden as ''Metaphilosophy'', London: Verso, 2016 *1965 ''La Proclamation de la Commune'', Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Trente Journées qui ont fait la France". *1966 ''La Sociologie de Marx'', Paris: PUF. Trans. Norbert Guterman, ''Sociology of Marx'', New York: Pantheon. *1968 ''Le Droit à la ville'', Paris: Anthropos (2nd ed.); Paris: Ed. du Seuil, Collection "Points". English translation in ''Writings on Cities'', 1996. *1968 ''La vie quotidienne dans le monde moderne'', Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Idées". Trans. Sacha Rabinovitch as ''Everyday Life in the Modern World''. Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 1971. *1968 ''L'irruption de Nanterre au sommet'', Paris: Syllepse, 2nd ed. 1998. trans. Alfred Ehrenfeld, ''The Explosion: From Nanterre to the Summit'', New York: Monthly Review Press. *1970 ''La révolution urbaine'', Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Idées". Trans. Robert Bononno, ''The Urban Revolution'', Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003. *1970 ''Du rural à l'urbain'', Paris: Anthropos. First half trans. Robert Bononno in ''On the Rural: Economy, Sociology, Geography'', Stuart Elden and Adam David Morton eds., Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. *1970 ''La fin de l'histoire'', Paris: Minuit. *1971 ''Le manifeste différentialiste'', Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Idées". *1971 ''Au-delà du structuralisme'', Paris: Anthropos. *1972 ''La pensée marxiste et la ville'', Tournai and Paris: Casterman. Trans. Robert Bononno, ''Marxist Thought and the City'', Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. *1973 ''Le jeu de Kostas Axelos'', Paris: Fata Morgana, with Pierre Fougeyrollas. *1973 ''La survie du capitalisme; la re-production des rapports de production''. Partial trans. Frank Bryant as ''The Survival of Capitalism''. London: Allison and Busby, 1976. (The French book includes material originally in L'Irruption, translated in The Explosion, 1969.) *1974 ''La production de l'espace'', Paris: Anthropos. Trans. Donald Nicolson-Smith, ''The Production of Space'', Oxford: Blackwell, 1991. *1991 *1974 with

Leszek Kołakowski Leszek Kołakowski (; ; 23 October 1927 – 17 July 2009) was a Polish philosopher and historian of ideas. He is best known for his critical analysis of Marxism, Marxist thought, as in his three-volume history of Marxist philosophy ''Main Current ...

''Evolution or Revolution'', F. Elders, ed. ''Reflexive Water: The Basic Concerns of Mankind'', London: Souvenir. pp. 199–267. *1975 ''Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, ou le royaume des ombres'', Paris: Tournai, Casterman. Collection "Synthèses contemporaines". trans. David Fernbach as ''Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche or the Realm of Shadows'', London: Verso, 2020. *1975 ''Le temps des méprises: Entretiens avec Claude Glayman'', Paris: Stock. *1978 with Catherine Régulier ''La révolution n'est plus ce qu'elle était'', Paris: Éditions Libres-Hallier (German trans. Munich, 1979). *1976-78 ''De l'État'', Paris: UGE, four volumes, Collection "10/18". *1980 ''Une pensée devenue monde: Faut-il abandonner Marx?'' Paris: Fayard. *1980 ''La présence et l'absence'', Paris: Casterman. *1981 ''Critique de la vie quotidienne, III. De la modernité au modernisme (Pour une métaphilosophie du quotidien)'' Paris: L'Arche. Trans. Gregory Elliott, ''Critique of Everyday Life Volume III: From Modernity to Modernism (Towards a Metaphilosophy of Daily Life)'', London: Verso, 2008. *1985 with Catherine Régulier-Lefebvre, ''Le projet rythmanalytique'' Communications 41. pp. 191–199. Included in Rhythmanalysis, 2004. *1986 with Serge Renaudie and Pierre Guilbaud, "International Competition for the New Belgrade Urban Structure Improvement", in ''Autogestion, or Henri Lefebvre in New Belgrade'', Vancouver: Fillip Editions. *1988 ''Toward a Leftist Cultural Politics: Remarks Occasioned by the Centenary of Marx's Death'', D. Reifman trans., L.Grossberg and C.Nelson (eds.) ''Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture'', Urbana: University of Illinois Press; New York: Macmillan. pp. 75–88. *1990 ''Du Contrat de Citoyenneté'', Paris: Syllepse. *1991 with Patricia Latour and Francis Combes, ''Conversation avec Henri Lefebvre'' P. Latour and F. Combes, eds. Paris: Messidor, Collection "Libres propos". *1992 with Catherine Regulier-Lefebvre '' Éléments de rythmanalyse: Introduction à la connaissance des rythmes'', preface by René Lorau, Paris: Ed. Syllepse, Collection "Explorations et découvertes". English translation: ''Rhythmanalysis: Space, time and everyday life'', Stuart Elden, Gerald Moore trans. Continuum, New York, 2004. *1996 ''Writings on Cities'', Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas, trans. and eds., Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Includes ''The Right to the City'' and other essays. *2002 ''Méthodologie des Sciences: Un inédit'', Paris: Anthropos. *2003 ''Key Writings'', Stuart Elden, Elizabeth Lebas, Eleonore Kofman, eds. London/New York: Continuum. *2009 ''State, Space, World: Selected Essays'', Neil Brenner, Stuart Elden, eds. Gerald Moore, Neil Brenner, Stuart Elden trans. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. *201
an Architecture of Enjoyment''.
L. Stanek ed., R. Bononno trans. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), the first publication in any language of the book written in 1973. *2022 ''On the Rural. Economy, Sociology, Geography'', Stuart Elden, Adam David Morton eds., Robert Bononno trans. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), including the first half of his book ''Du rural à l’urbain'' (1970) and supplementary texts

References

Sources

* Stuart Elden, ''Understanding Henri Lefebvre: Theory and the Possible'', London/New York: Continuum, 2004. * Alan D. Schrift, ''Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes And Thinkers'', Blackwell Publishing, 2006.

External links

“I am not a good Communist”
from Henri Lefebvre's ''Autobiography'' (1957)
Henri Lefebvre, Urban Research and Architecture Today"The Ignored Philosopher and Social Theorist: The Work of Henri Lefebvre"
by

Stanley Aronowitz Stanley Aronowitz (January 6, 1933 – August 16, 2021) was an American sociologist, trade union official, and political activist. A professor of sociology, cultural studies, and urban education at the CUNY Graduate Center, his longtime political ...

, in: ''Situations'', vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 133–155 (

PDF Portable document format (PDF), standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format developed by Adobe Inc., Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, computer hardware, ...

available).
Review of ''The Production of Space''
in ''Not Bored''

in ''Not Bored''

(2001) by Rob Shields
''Lefebvre, Love and Struggle - Spatial Dialectics''
(London: Routledge 1999) by Rob Shields (includes largely complete bibliography of Henri Lefebvre's work).

(Sussex University 1986) by Rob Shields

by Jordan Crandall

(University of Texas at Austin 1996) by Katherine Arens

in ''Postmodern Culture'' by Mark Nunes et al.
"Towards a Heuristic Method: Sartre and Lefebvre"
by Michael Kelly in ''Sartre Studies International'', vol. 5, no. 1, 1999, pp. 1–15.
''Henri Lefebvre on Space Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory''
by Lukasz Stanek

(in French)
"La Méthode d'Henri Lefebvre"
in ''Multitudes'' by Rémi Hess (in French)
''Stadt, Raum und Gesellschaft: Henri Lefebvre und die Theorie der Produktion des Raumes''
by Christian Schmid (in German) {{DEFAULTSORT:Lefebvre, Henri 1901 births 1991 deaths 20th-century atheists 20th-century French philosophers Anti-consumerists Atheist philosophers French atheism activists Critics of postmodernism Critics of religions Ecofeminists Secular humanists French anti-fascists French anti-capitalists French Communist Party members French environmentalists French feminists French literary critics French male writers French sociologists Marxist humanists Marxist theorists People from Landes (department) French philosophers of technology Theoretical historians University of Paris alumni Academic staff of the University of Paris Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg Urban sociologists Urban theorists