Helotiales is an

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...

of the class

Leotiomycetes The Leotiomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi. Many of them cause serious plant diseases. Systematics The class Leotiomycetes contains numerous species with an anamorph placed within the '' fungi imperfecti'' (deuteromycota), that have onl ...

within the division

Ascomycota Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The def ...

. The taxonomy within Helotiales has been debated. It has expanded significantly as genomic techniques for taxonomical identification have become more commonly used. , the order is estimated to contain 30 accepted families, 519 genera, and 6266 species. Helotiales is the largest order of non-stromatic

discomycetes Discomycetes is a former taxonomic class of Ascomycete fungi which contains all of the cup, sponge and brain fungi, and some club-like fungi. It includes typical cup fungi like the scarlet elf cup and the orange peel fungus, and fungi with frui ...

that usually, but not always, have brightly coloured apothecia. Many members of the family have obviously cup-shaped

ascomata An ascocarp, or ascoma (: ascomata), is the fruiting body (sporocarp (fungi), sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded ascus, asci, each of which typically contains four to ...

with little or no stipes. They are usually found fruiting on coarse or large wood debris as well as on other organic matter. Part of these discomycetes are limited to a specific

host range In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasite, parasitic, a mutualism (biology), mutualistic, or a commensalism, commensalist ''guest'' (symbiont). The guest is typically provided with ...

, this goes as far as to not just being limited to one particular plant, additionally some species need a particular part of that plant.

Description

*Helotiales is distinguished by its disc or cup-shaped

apothecia An ascocarp, or ascoma (: ascomata), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. As ...

. *Its asci are only slightly thickened in contrast to other

*Most Helotiales species live as

saprobe Saprotrophic nutrition or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter. It occurs in saprotrophs, and is most often associated with fungi ...

s on soil

humus In classical soil science, humus is the dark organic matter in soil that is formed by the decomposition of plant and animal matter. It is a kind of soil organic matter. It is rich in nutrients and retains moisture in the soil. Humus is the Lati ...

, dead logs, manure and other organic matter. *The order includes most fungi that engage in

ericoid mycorrhiza The ericoid mycorrhiza is a mutualistic relationship formed between members of the plant family Ericaceae and several lineages of mycorrhizal fungi. This symbiosis represents an important adaptation to acidic and nutrient poor soils that speci ...

, including ''Rhizoscyphus ericae'', ''Meliniomyces'' species and ''Cairneyella variabilis''. *The order contains some of the most severe plant

pathogen In biology, a pathogen (, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of"), in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a Germ theory of d ...

s such as ''

Monilinia fructicola ''Monilinia fructicola'' is a species of fungus in the order Helotiales. A plant pathogen, it is the causal agent of brown rot of stone fruits. Stone fruit (summer fruit) Stone fruits such as apricot and peaches originated in China and spread t ...

'' ( brown rot on

stone fruit In botany, a drupe (or stone fruit) is a type of fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin, and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a single shell (the ''pip'' (UK), ''pit'' (US), ''stone'', or ''pyrena'') of hardened endocarp with a seed ...

s), ''

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ''Sclerotinia sclerotiorum'' is a plant pathogenic fungus and can cause a disease called white mold if conditions are conducive. ''S. sclerotiorum'' can also be known as cottony rot, watery soft rot, stem rot, drop, crown rot and blossom blight. ...

'' (

lettuce drop Lettuce (''Lactuca sativa'') is an annual plant of the family Asteraceae mostly grown as a leaf vegetable. The leaves are most often used raw in green salads, although lettuce is also seen in other kinds of food, such as sandwiches, wraps and ...

and other diseases), ''D. rosae'' (black spot of roses), ''

Sclerotium cepivorum ''Stromatinia cepivora'' is a fungus in the division Ascomycota. It is the teleomorph of ''Sclerotium cepivorum'', the cause of white rot in onions, garlic, and leeks. The infective sclerotia remain viable in the soil for many years and are st ...

'' ( soft rot of onions) and ''

Botrytis cinerea ''Botrytis cinerea'' is a necrotrophic fungus that affects many plant species, although its most notable hosts may be wine grapes. In viticulture, it is commonly known as "botrytis bunch rot"; in horticulture, it is usually called "grey mould" ...

''.

Families

* Amicodiscaceae *

Arachnopezizaceae Arachnopezizaceae is a family of fungi belonging to the order Helotiales Helotiales is an order (biology), order of the class Leotiomycetes within the division Ascomycota. The taxonomy within Helotiales has been debated. It has expanded sign ...

* Bryoglossaceae *

Cenangiaceae The Cenangiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Helotiales. Hemiphacidiaceae The family Hemiphacidiaceae was traditionally a separate family, but was merged with Cenangiaceae in the 2010s. The type genus was originally ''Hemiphacidium'', bu ...

Chlorociboriaceae The Chlorociboriaceae are a family of "cup fungi" in the order Helotiales, with type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus (''genus typica'') is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological ...

* Chlorospleniaceae * Chrysodiscaceae *

Dermateaceae The Dermateaceae is a family of cup fungi in the order Helotiales. Most species in this family are plant pathogens, but some are saprobes. These fungi are commonly referred to as "earth tongues" or "earthfan fungi" due to their distinctive app ...

* Discinellaceae * Drepanopezizaceae * Gelatinodiscaceae * Godroniaceae * Hamatocanthoscyphaceae *

Helotiaceae The Helotiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Helotiales. The distribution of species in the family are widespread, and typically found in tropical areas. There are 117 genera and 826 species in the family. A question mark after the genu ...

* Heterosphaeriaceae *

Hyaloscyphaceae The Hyaloscyphaceae are a family of fungi in the Helotiales order. Species in this family have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are saprobic, growing on dead wood and other plant matter. Genera According to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the ...

* Hydrocinaceae * Lachnaceae * Loramycetaceae * Mitrulaceae *

Mollisiaceae Mollisiaceae is a family (biology), family of fungi in the order Helotiales. It contains almost 800 species in 17 genus, genera with multiple genera remaining undescribed. Saprotrophs and root endophytes are prominent in the family but it also in ...

* Neolauriomycetaceae * Pleuroascaceae * Ploettnerulaceae *

Rutstroemiaceae Rutstroemiaceae is a family of fungi in the order Helotiales. Species in this family have a cosmopolitan distribution, especially in temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23 ...

Sclerotiniaceae The Sclerotiniaceae are a family (biology), family of fungi in the order Helotiales. Many species in this family are plant pathogens. Genera * ''Asterocalyx'' * ''Botryotinia'' * ''Botrytis (fungus), Botrytis'' * ''Ciboria'' * ''Ciborinia'' * ...

* Solenopeziaceae * Tympanidaceae *

Vibrisseaceae The Vibrisseaceae are a family (biology), family of fungi in the order Helotiales. The family was circumscribed by mycologist Richard P. Korf in 1990 to include the genera ''Vibrissea'', ''Chlorovibrissea'', and ''Leucovibrissea''. According to t ...

Disputed or previously included families

Amorphothecaceae The Amorphothecaceae are a family of fungi in the division Ascomycota. This family can not yet be taxonomically classified in any of the ascomycetous classes and orders with any degree of certainty (incertae sedis). It contains the single genus ...

- Kirk (2008) assigned to Helotiales, but reclassified under order

Erysiphales Erysiphales are an order of ascomycete fungi. The order contains one family, Erysiphaceae. Many of them cause plant diseases called powdery mildew. Systematics The order contains one family (Erysiphaceae), 28 genera and around 1000 species. Ma ...

. *

Ascocorticiaceae The Ascocorticiaceae are a family of fungi in the Ascomycota, class Leotiomycetes. This is a monotypic taxon, containing the single genus ''Ascocorticium''. The family was first described by Joseph Schröter in 1893. Species in this family have a ...

- reclassified under order

Medeolariales The Medeolariales are an order of the class Leotiomycetes within the phylum Ascomycota. The order is monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic speci ...

Hemiphacidiaceae The Cenangiaceae are a family (biology), family of fungi in the order Helotiales. Hemiphacidiaceae The family Hemiphacidiaceae was traditionally a separate family, but was merged with Cenangiaceae in the 2010s. The type genus was originally ''H ...

- Merged with

in the 2010s. *

Phacidiaceae The Phacidiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Helotiales. According to a 2008 estimate, the family contained seven genera and 148 species. Genera As accepted by GBIF; * '' Allantophomopsiella'' (1) * '' Allantophomopsis'' (5) * '' Apos ...

(also known as Bulgariaceae) - reclassified under order Phacidiales * Vandijckellaceae - identified by Crous et al. (2017), not widely accepted. File:Chlorociboria-aeruginascens.jpg, Green Elfcup or Green Wood Cup ''

Chlorociboria aeruginascens ''Chlorociboria aeruginascens'' is a saprobic species of mushroom, commonly known as the blue stain, green elfcup or the green wood cup because of its characteristic small, green, saucer-shaped fruit bodies. The actual fruit bodies are infrequent ...

'',

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

(photo: Holger Krisp) File:Leeuwenhorstbos - Ascocoryne.jpg,

Ascocoryne ''Ascocoryne'' is a genus of fungi in the family Gelatinodiscaceae. It was circumscribed in 1967 by James Walton Groves and Doreen Wilson to accommodate the sexual morph and to reserve '' Coryne'' for the asexual morph. Today, only one name is ...

, family:

File:Mollisia benesuada (Tul.) W. Phillips 718024.jpg, ''

Mollisia ''Mollisia'' is a genus of fungi A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. Th ...

benesuada'', family:

File:Bisporella citrina 59079.jpg, ''

Bisporella citrina ''Calycina citrina'', commonly known as yellow fairy cups or lemon discos, is a species of fungus in the family Pezizellaceae. The fungus produces tiny yellow cups up to in diameter, often without stalks, that fruit in groups or dense clusters o ...

'', family:

File:Arachnopeziza aurata 57007696.jpg, ''Arachnopeziza aurata'', family:

File:Eichen-Stromabecher Rutstroemia firma.jpg, Brown oak disk cup ''Rutstroemia firma'', family:

(photo: Holger Krisp) File:Botrytis conidiophores 16X.png, The necrotrophic fungus ''Botrytis conidiophores'',

Magnification Magnification is the process of enlarging the apparent size, not physical size, of something. This enlargement is quantified by a size ratio called optical magnification. When this number is less than one, it refers to a reduction in size, so ...

X16, family: Sclerotinaceae File:Vibrissea truncorum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr 335788.jpg, ''Vibrissea truncorum'', family:

image source:

Mushroom Observer Mushroom Observer is a collaborative mycology website started by Nathan Wilson in 2006. Reproduced on thMykoWeb website. Its purpose is to "record observations about mushrooms, help people identify mushrooms they aren't familiar with, and expand t ...

References

External links

* {{Authority control Leotiomycetes Ascomycota orders

Description

Families

Disputed or previously included families

See also

References

External links