Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing

land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have gastropod shell, shel ...

s, terrestrial

pulmonate Pulmonata or pulmonates is an informal group (previously an order, and before that, a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group inclu ...

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusk Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...

s in the

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...

Stylommatophora.

Taxonomy

2017 taxonomy and latest developments

The Bouchet et al. 2017 nomenclator provides an up to date system of Helicoidea. The system is in some parts preliminary, as the authors relied on unpublished (as of 2023) phylogenomic study, which did not include all

New World The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas, and sometimes Oceania."America." ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: ...

taxa. They classified Epiphragmophoridae, Helminthoglyptidae, Humboldtianidae, Monadeniidae and Xanthonychidae (provisionally also Lysinoidae and Echinichidae) as

subfamilies In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zool ...

of the last

taxon In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; : taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and ...

, because there are no deep splits between them in the cited unpublished study (see also Koene & Schulenburg 2005). Cepolidae, Labyrinthidae and Thysanophoridae constitute the

sister group In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and ...

of the remaining Helicoidea. *

Camaenidae Camaenidae is a Family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea, the typical snails and their allies. This is one of the most diverse families i ...

Pilsbry, 1895 * Canariellidae Schileyko, 1991 * Cepolidae Ihering, 1909 * Elonidae Gittenberger, 1977 *

Geomitridae Geomitridae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea Helicoidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Taxonomic rank, superfamily of air-b ...

C. Boettger, 1909 *

Helicidae Helicidae is a large, diverse family of western Palaearctic, medium to large-sized, air-breathing land snails, sometimes called the "typical snails." It includes some of the largest European land snails, several species are common in anthropoge ...

Rafinesque, 1815 * Helicodontidae Kobelt, 1904 *

Hygromiidae Hygromiidae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.Helicellidae Ihering, 1909 Anatomy Some snails in genera within this family create and ...

Tryon, 1866 * Labyrinthidae Borrero, Sei, Robinson & Rosenberg, 2017 ** Genus: † '' Laxecostula'' Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2020 * Pleurodontidae Ihering, 1912 * Polygyridae Pilsbry, 1895 * Sphincterochilidae Zilch, 1960 * Thysanophoridae Pilsbry, 1926 * Trissexodontidae H. Nordsieck, 1987 * Xanthonychidae Strebel & Pfeffer, 1879 * Trichodiscinidae H. Nordsieck, 1987

2015 taxonomy

Razkin ''et al''. (2015) reorganized classification into monophyletic taxa according to the molecular phylogeny. This study is focus on

Western Palaearctic The Western Palaearctic or Western Palearctic is part of the Palaearctic realm, one of the eight biogeographic realms dividing the Earth's surface. Because of its size, the Palaearctic is often divided for convenience into two, with Europe, North ...

species. The Hygromiidae ''s.l.'' family was divided into three families, Canariellidae,

and

. Moreover, the family Cochlicellidae was including within the

family as a tribe (Cochlicellini). The classification proposed for Western Palaearctic Helicoidea is as follows: * Bradybaenidae (now Bradybaeninae - subfamily of Camaenidae) *

* Canariellidae * Elonidae *

** Geomitrinae *** Cochlicellini *** Geomitrini *** Plentuisini *** Ponentinini ** Helicellinae *** Cernuellini *** Helicellini *** Trochoideini * Helicodontidae *

** Ariantinae ** Helicinae *** Allognathini *** Helicini *** Otalini *** Thebini ** Murellinae * Humboldtianidae *

** Ciliellinae ** Hygromiinae ** Leptaxinae * Sphincterochilidae * Trissexodontidae ** Gittenbergeriinae ** Trissexodontinae

2012 taxonomy

Thompson & Naranjo-García (2012) described a new family Echinichidae and placed it to the superfamily Xanthonychoidea.Thompson F. G. & Naranjo-García E. (2012). "Echinichidae, a new family of dart-bearing helicoid slugs from Mexico, with the description of a new genus and three new species (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Xanthonychoidea)". ''

Archiv für Molluskenkunde ''Archiv für Molluskenkunde'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society, covering research in malacology. Coverage ''Archiv für Molluskenkunde'' publishes original research on all aspects of mo ...

'' 141(2): 197–208.
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Therefore, the family Xanthonychidae was moved from Helicoidea to Xanthonychoidea.

2005 taxonomy

There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005. *

* Bradybaenidae *

* Cepolidae * Cochlicellidae * Elonidae * Epiphragmophoridae * Halolimnohelicidae * Helicodontidae * Helminthoglyptidae * Humboldtianidae *

* Monadeniidae * Pleurodontidae * Polygyridae * Sphincterochilidae * Thysanophoridae * Trissexodontidae * Xanthonychidae According to H. NordsieckHigher classification of the Helicoidea and the molecular analyses of their phylogeny (by Hartmut Nordsieck)
the family ''Xanthonychidae'' (sensu Hausdorf & Bouchet) is probably polyphyletic (contains several different lineages) and therefore should be divided into several families. Helicella_macedonica

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1628946 Stylommatophora Helicoidei Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque