He Zizhen (; 20 September 1910 – 19 April 1984) was a Chinese soldier, revolutionary, and politician who was the third wife of Chairman
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong pronounced ; traditionally Romanization of Chinese, romanised as Mao Tse-tung. (26December 18939September 1976) was a Chinese politician, revolutionary, and political theorist who founded the People's Republic of China (PRC) in ...
from 1928 to 1937 and participated in the
Long March
The Long March ( zh, s=长征, p=Chángzhēng, l=Long Expedition) was a military retreat by the Chinese Red Army and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from advancing Kuomintang forces during the Chinese Civil War, occurring between October 1934 and ...
.
Early life and career

He Zizhen was born in Yunshan (云山, now
Yongxin County
Yongxin County () is a county in the west of Jiangxi province, People's Republic of China, bordering Hunan province to the west. It is located within the Jinggang Mountains under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Ji'an. The county w ...
),
Jiangxi
; Gan: )
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, mapsize = 275px
, map_caption = Location ...
, in 1910, as He Guiyuan (贺桂圆), the second of four children.
He's family were impoverished scholar-gentry that ran a tea house and sent He to a free Protestant missionary school in her youth. She joined the
Communist Youth League of China
The Communist Youth League of China (CYLC; also known as the Young Communist League of China or simply the Communist Youth League or CYL) is a people's organization of the People's Republic of China for youth between the ages of 14 and 28, r ...
in 1925 along with her siblings. He Zizhen later graduated from the
Yongxin Girls' School and became a full member of the
Chinese Communist Party
The Communist Party of China (CPC), also translated into English as Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and One-party state, sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Founded in 1921, the CCP emerged victorious in the ...
in 1926.
Revolutionary life
Early communist activities
As a party member He Zizhen was made head of the county's Women's Bureau and worked as a traveling propagandist. She fought in the
Yongxin uprising of 1927 and began serve as a communist
partisan.
An expert in
guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians, which may include recruited children, use ambushes, sabotage, terrori ...
and a capable fighter, He Zizhen was also an excellent shooter who earned the nickname of "Two-Gunned Girl General".
[Karl, 37 - 38]
Relationship with Mao and the Long March
He Zizhen was introduced to Mao Zedong at
Jinggangshan by
Yuan Wencai, a classmate of her elder brother, in the spring of 1928. She and Mao married in 1928. When they married, Mao had not divorced his second wife
Yang Kaihui
Yang Kaihui (; courtesy name: Yunjin ; 6 November 1901 – 14 November 1930) was the second wife of Mao Zedong, whom he married in 1920. She had three children with Mao Zedong: Mao Anying, Mao Anqing and Mao Anlong. Her father was Yan ...
, whom he had wed in 1920. Yang was arrested and executed in 1930 by the
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang (KMT) is a major political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). It was the one party state, sole ruling party of the country Republic of China (1912-1949), during its rule from 1927 to 1949 in Mainland China until Retreat ...
. While with Mao, He Zizhen restricted herself to clerical work and served as Mao's secretary.
Despite this, she was still severely injured by shrapnel in 1935 and needed to be carried by stretcher on parts of the
Long March
The Long March ( zh, s=长征, p=Chángzhēng, l=Long Expedition) was a military retreat by the Chinese Red Army and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from advancing Kuomintang forces during the Chinese Civil War, occurring between October 1934 and ...
,
suffering 17 gunshot wounds during it.
[
He Zizhen had three daughters and three sons with ]Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong pronounced ; traditionally Romanization of Chinese, romanised as Mao Tse-tung. (26December 18939September 1976) was a Chinese politician, revolutionary, and political theorist who founded the People's Republic of China (PRC) in ...
– she was pregnant ten times in her life[– but except for their daughter, Li Min, all of them either died young or were separated from the family. This was partially due to the constant movement of the communists as they worked to evade the ]Kuomintang
The Kuomintang (KMT) is a major political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). It was the one party state, sole ruling party of the country Republic of China (1912-1949), during its rule from 1927 to 1949 in Mainland China until Retreat ...
. Their eldest daughter, Yang Yuehua
Yang Yuehua (楊月花; born March 1929), née Mao Jinhua, was born in Longyan, Fujian, China with family roots in Xiangtan, Hunan, China. She is the elder daughter of Mao Zedong (Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party) and his third wife He Zizh ...
, who was left to a local family in Fujian
Fujian is a provinces of China, province in East China, southeastern China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its capital is Fuzhou and its largest prefe ...
, was found and recognized by He Zizhen's brother in 1973, but never had the chance to meet Mao or He.
Being closely pursued and having given birth to a daughter, He glanced at her and was carried back to the Long March, leaving 13 yuan and a note behind.[ Two English researchers who retraced the entire Long March in 2002–2003 located a woman whom they believe might be a missing child left in the care of others by Mao and He in 1935.]
Divorce from Mao and sojourn in Russia
In 1937, Mao had allegedly begun an affair with Wu Lili, the interpreter of journalist Agnes Smedley. After a confrontation with Mao, He Zizhen traveled, pregnant, to the Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
for treatment of a wound suffered earlier in battle, later attending the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies
Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (, abbreviated МИВ (''MIV'')) was a university-level educational institution that operated in Moscow, Russia, from 1920–1954. It was created as a result of merging Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languag ...
, under the pseudonym Ven Iun. In Moscow, in 1938, He Zizhen gave birth to a boy, Xiao Liuwa,[ who died shortly of pneumonia. Her daughter, Li Min, also suffered pneumonia after arriving in Moscow with ]Mao Anqing
Mao Anqing (; 23 November 1924 – 23 March 2007) was the last surviving son of Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party. He was the second son of Mao and his wife, Yang Kaihui. He had a mental illness, possibly schizophrenia. He ...
and Mao Anying
Mao Anying (; 24 October 1922 – 25 November 1950) was a Chinese military officer. He was the eldest son of Mao Zedong and Yang Kaihui. Educated in Moscow and a veteran of multiple wars, Mao was killed in action by an air strike during the ...
to accompany He. According to Mao Anying, He Zizhen suffered severe depression after losing yet another child. To support three children, He took in washing, knitted socks, and went logging on weekends.[
While He Zizhen was in Russia, Mao courted ]Jiang Qing
Jiang Qing (March 191414 May 1991), also known as Madame Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary, actress, and political figure. She was the fourth wife of Mao Zedong, the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, Chairman of the Communis ...
, who would become his fourth wife. He Zizhen was reportedly "dispatched to a mental asylum in Moscow to make room for Jiang". He Zizhen was labeled schizophrenic and confined in a sanitarium between 1942 and 1946.
Later life and death
Upon her return to China in 1947, she found she could not hope to fulfill any sort of political role in Beijing, and moved to southern China, staying variously in Nanchang
Nanchang is the capital of Jiangxi, China. Located in the north-central part of the province and in the hinterland of Poyang Lake Plain, it is bounded on the west by the Jiuling Mountains, and on the east by Poyang Lake. Because of its strate ...
, Fuzhou
Fuzhou is the capital of Fujian, China. The city lies between the Min River (Fujian), Min River estuary to the south and the city of Ningde to the north. Together, Fuzhou and Ningde make up the Eastern Min, Mindong linguistic and cultural regi ...
and finally Shanghai
Shanghai, Shanghainese: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: is a direct-administered municipality and the most populous urban area in China. The city is located on the Chinese shoreline on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the ...
. She later became the chair of Zhejiang Province Women's Union. After 1972, He raised her granddaughter, Kong Dongmei, in Shanghai. Together they traveled to the Chairman Mao Memorial Hall,[ when He was elected to the fifth ]Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China and a central part of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s United front (China), united front system. Its members adv ...
. She spent her last years in hospital in Shanghai, where she died on 19 April 1984.
Legacy
In 2007, a memorial hall was opened in Yongxin for He Zizhen with her daughter, Li Min, present as a guest.
References
Citations
Sources
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* Karl, Rebecca. ''Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World''. (2010). Durham: Duke UP.
{{DEFAULTSORT:He, Zizhen
1910 births
1984 deaths
Family of Mao Zedong
People from Ji'an
Women in war 1900–1945
Women in war in China
Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies alumni
Members of the 5th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Secretaries to Mao Zedong