series
Series may refer to:
People with the name
* Caroline Series (born 1951), English mathematician, daughter of George Series
* George Series (1920–1995), English physicist
Arts, entertainment, and media
Music
* Series, the ordered sets used i ...
of
impressionist
Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by visible brush strokes, open Composition (visual arts), composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage ...
painting
Painting is a Visual arts, visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called "matrix" or "Support (art), support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with ...
s by
Claude Monet
Oscar-Claude Monet (, ; ; 14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a French painter and founder of Impressionism painting who is seen as a key precursor to modernism, especially in his attempts to paint nature as he perceived it. During his ...
. The principal subject of each painting in the series is stacks of harvested
wheat
Wheat is a group of wild and crop domestication, domesticated Poaceae, grasses of the genus ''Triticum'' (). They are Agriculture, cultivated for their cereal grains, which are staple foods around the world. Well-known Taxonomy of wheat, whe ...
(or possibly
barley
Barley (), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains; it was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent around 9000 BC, giving it nonshattering spikele ...
or
oats
The oat (''Avena sativa''), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural). Oats appear to have been domesticated as a secondary crop, as their seed ...
: the original French title, ''Les Meules à Giverny'', simply means ''The Stacks at Giverny'', obviously concerning stacks of straw). The title refers primarily to a twenty-five
canvas
Canvas is an extremely durable Plain weave, plain-woven Cloth, fabric used for making sails, tents, Tent#Marquees and larger tents, marquees, backpacks, Shelter (building), shelters, as a Support (art), support for oil painting and for other ite ...
series ( Wildenstein Index Numbers 1266–1290) which Monet began near the end of the summer of 1890 and continued through the following spring, though Monet also produced five earlier paintings using this same stack subject. A precursor to the series is the 1884 '' Haystack Near Giverny'' (
Pushkin Museum
The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts (, abbreviated as , ''GMII'') is the largest museum of European art in Moscow. It is located in Volkhonka street, just opposite the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. The International musical festival Sviatos ...
).
The series is famous for the way in which Monet repeated the same subject to show the differing
light
Light, visible light, or visible radiation is electromagnetic radiation that can be visual perception, perceived by the human eye. Visible light spans the visible spectrum and is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400– ...
and
atmosphere
An atmosphere () is a layer of gases that envelop an astronomical object, held in place by the gravity of the object. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A stellar atmosph ...
at different times of day, across the
seasons
A season is a division of the year based on changes in weather, ecology, and the number of daylight hours in a given region. On Earth, seasons are the result of the axial parallelism of Earth's axial tilt, tilted orbit around the Sun. In temperat ...
and in many types of
weather
Weather is the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloud cover, cloudy. On Earth, most weather phenomena occur in the lowest layer of the planet's atmo ...
.
The series is among Monet's most notable works. The largest ''Haystacks'' collections are held at the
Musée d'Orsay
The Musée d'Orsay ( , , ) () is a museum in Paris, France, on the Rive Gauche, Left Bank of the Seine. It is housed in the former Gare d'Orsay, a Beaux-Arts architecture, Beaux-Arts railway station built from 1898 to 1900. The museum holds mai ...
and
Musée Marmottan Monet
Musée Marmottan Monet () is an art museum in Paris, France, dedicated to artist Claude Monet. The collection features over three hundred Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings by Claude Monet, including his 1872 ''Impression, Sunrise''. ...
in Paris, and in the
Art Institute of Chicago
The Art Institute of Chicago, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States. The museum is based in the Art Institute of Chicago Building in Chicago's Grant Park (Chicago), Grant Park. Its collection, stewa ...
. Other collections include the
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
The Museum of Fine Arts (often abbreviated as MFA Boston or MFA) is an art museum in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the list of largest art museums, 20th-largest art museum in the world, measured by public gallery area. It contains 8,161 painting ...
, the
Metropolitan Museum
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an encyclopedic art museum in New York City. By floor area, it is the third-largest museum in the world and the largest art museum in the Americas. With 5.36 million v ...
and
Museum of Modern Art
The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street (Manhattan), 53rd Street between Fifth Avenue, Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA's collection spans the late 19th century to the present, a ...
in New York, the
National Museum of Western Art
The is the premier public art gallery in Japan specializing in art from the Western tradition. The museum is in the Ueno Park in Taitō, central Tokyo. It received 1,162,345 visitors in 2016.
History
The NMWA was established on June 10, 1959 ...
Art Institute of Chicago
The Art Institute of Chicago, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States. The museum is based in the Art Institute of Chicago Building in Chicago's Grant Park (Chicago), Grant Park. Its collection, stewa ...
collection includes six of the twenty-five ''Haystacks''.
Other museums that hold parts of this series include the Getty Center in
Los Angeles
Los Angeles, often referred to by its initials L.A., is the List of municipalities in California, most populous city in the U.S. state of California, and the commercial, Financial District, Los Angeles, financial, and Culture of Los Angeles, ...
Farmington, Connecticut
Farmington is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, Hartford County in the Farmington Valley area of central Connecticut in the United States. The town is part of the Capitol Planning Region, Connecticut, Capitol Planning Region. The populati ...
(which also has one of five from the earlier 1888–89 harvest), the
Scottish National Gallery
The National (formerly the Scottish National Gallery) is the national art gallery of Scotland. It is located on The Mound in central Edinburgh, close to Princes Street. The building was designed in a neoclassical style by William Henry Play ...
Vermont
Vermont () is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York (state), New York to the west, and the Provinces and territories of Ca ...
. Private collections hold the remaining ''Haystacks'' paintings.
Monet background
Monet settled in
Giverny
Giverny () is a Communes of France, commune in the northern French Departments of France, department of Eure.of his home and gardens. Monet was intensely aware of and fascinated by the visual nuances of the region's landscape and by the endless variations in the days and in the seasons—the stacks were just outside his door.
Monet had previously painted a single subject in different light and different moods. However, as he matured as a painter, his depictions of
atmospheric
An atmosphere () is a layer of gases that envelop an astronomical object, held in place by the gravity of the object. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A stellar atmosphere ...
influences were increasingly concerned not only with specific effects but with the overall color harmonies that allowed him an autonomous use of rich color. The conventional wisdom was that the stacks were a simple subject but also an unimaginative one. However, contemporary writers and friends of the artist noted that Monet's subject matter was always carefully chosen, the product of careful thought and analysis. Monet undertook to capture the stacks in direct light and then to re-examine them from the same view-point in different, often more muted, light and atmospheric conditions. It was then not unusual for Monet, in search of harmonious transitions within the series, to alter the canvases back in his studio.
Series background
The stacks depicted in the series are commonly referred to in English as hay, wheat or grain-stacks. In reality they stored
sheaf
Sheaf may refer to:
* Sheaf (agriculture), a bundle of harvested cereal stems
* Sheaf (mathematics)
In mathematics, a sheaf (: sheaves) is a tool for systematically tracking data (such as sets, abelian groups, rings) attached to the open s ...
s of grain primarily for bread—so
wheat
Wheat is a group of wild and crop domestication, domesticated Poaceae, grasses of the genus ''Triticum'' (). They are Agriculture, cultivated for their cereal grains, which are staple foods around the world. Well-known Taxonomy of wheat, whe ...
[or possibly
barley
Barley (), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains; it was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent around 9000 BC, giving it nonshattering spikele ...
or
oats
The oat (''Avena sativa''), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural). Oats appear to have been domesticated as a secondary crop, as their seed ...
]—and not hay, an animal food. The stacks were a way of keeping the sheafs dry until the grain could be separated from the stalks by threshing.Lemonedes, p. 143. The local method of storing and drying unthreshed-grains was to use straw, or sometimes hay, as a thatched 'roof' for the stack, shielding the wheat, barley or oats from the elements until, once dry-enough, they could be threshed. The
threshing machine
A threshing machine or a thresher is a piece of agricultural machinery, farm equipment that separates grain seed from the plant stem, stalks and husks. It does so by beating the plant to make the seeds fall out. Before such machines were developed ...
s then traveled from village to village. Thus, although the grain was harvested and the stacks were built by July, it often took until the following spring or even later—so through all the light and atmosphere changes of summer, autumn, winter and spring—for all the stacks to be reached by the threshing-machines. Grain storage/drying-stacks like these became common throughout
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...
in the 19th century and survived until the inception of
combine harvesters
The modern combine harvester, also called a combine, is a machine designed to harvest a variety of cultivated seeds. Combine harvesters are one of the most economically important labour-saving inventions, significantly reducing the fraction of ...
. The shapes of stacks were regional: in
Normandy
Normandy (; or ) is a geographical and cultural region in northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy.
Normandy comprises Normandy (administrative region), mainland Normandy (a part of France) and insular N ...
, where Giverny is situated, it was common for them to be round with quite steeply-pitched thatched 'roofs'—just as Monet painted.
The stacks belonged to Monet's farmer-neighbour, Monsieur Quéruel. Noticing the way the light changed on M. Quéruel's stacks, Monet asked his stepdaughter, Blanche Hoschedé, to bring him two canvases, one for sunny and one for overcast conditions. But Monet soon found he could not catch the ever-changing light and mood on merely two canvases: as a result, his willing helper was quickly bringing as many canvases as her
wheelbarrow
A wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled load-bearing vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the rear. The term "wheelbarrow" is made of two words: "wheel" and "barrow." " Ba ...
could hold. Monet's daily routine therefore came to involve carting
paint
Paint is a material or mixture that, when applied to a solid material and allowed to dry, adds a film-like layer. As art, this is used to create an image or images known as a painting. Paint can be made in many colors and types. Most paints are ...
s,
easel
An easel is an upright support used for displaying and/or fixing something resting upon it, at an angle of about 20° to the vertical. In particular, painters traditionally use an easel to support a painting while they work on it, normally stan ...
s and many unfinished canvases back and forth, working on whichever canvas most closely resembled the scene of the moment as the conditions and light fluctuated. Although he began painting the stacks ''
en plein air
''En plein air'' (; French language, French for 'outdoors'), or plein-air painting, is the act of painting outdoors.
This method contrasts with studio painting or academic rules that might create a predetermined look. The theory of 'En plein ai ...
'', Monet later revised his initial impressions in his studio, both to generate contrast and to preserve the harmony within the series.Lemonedes, p. 139.
Monet produced numerous ''Haystacks'' paintings. He painted five paintings (Wildenstein Index Numbers 1213–1217) with stacks as his primary subject during the 1888 harvest. His earlier landscapes (Wildenstein Index Number 900–995, 1073) had included stacks nd also some more-accurately described hayricks: that is smaller piles of hay for animal-feed">hay.html" ;"title="nd also some more-accurately described nd also some more-accurately described hayricks: that is smaller piles of hay for animal-feedin an ancillary manner. The general consensus is that only the canvases produced using the 1890 harvest (Wildenstein Index Number 1266–1290) comprise the ''Haystacks'' series proper. However some commentators include additional paintings when referencing this series. For example, the Hill-Stead Museum talk of their two stack paintings even though one is from the 'proper' 1890 harvest, the other from the 1888 harvest.
Monet's ''Haystacks'' series is one of his earliest to rely on repetition to illustrate nuances in his perception across natural variations such as times of day, seasons, and types of weather. For Monet, the concept of producing and exhibiting a series of paintings related by subject and vantage point began in 1889, with at least ten paintings done at the ''Valley of the Creuse'', and subsequently shown at the Galerie Georges Petit">Art gallery">Galerie Georges Petit. This interest in the serial Motif (visual arts)">motif would continue for the rest of his career.
Thematic issues
Although the mundane subject was constant throughout the ''Haystack'' series, the underlying theme may be seen as the transience of light. This concept enabled Monet to use repetition to show nuances of perception as the time of day, the seasons and the weather changed. The almost unvarying subject provided the basis for him to compare changes of light and mood across his nuanced series. The first paintings in the series were started in late September or early October 1890, and he continued producing these paintings for about seven months. These paintings made Monet the first painter to paint such a large quantity of pictures of the same subject matter differentiated by light, weather, atmosphere and perspective.
Beginning in the 1880s and 1890s, Monet focused on ''Haystacks'' and a number of other subjects (other series included the ''Mornings on the
Seine
The Seine ( , ) is a river in northern France. Its drainage basin is in the Paris Basin (a geological relative lowland) covering most of northern France. It rises at Source-Seine, northwest of Dijon in northeastern France in the Langres plat ...
,'' ''Poplar Series (Monet), Poplars'', ''Rouen Cathedral (Monet), Rouen Cathedral,'' the ''London Parliament (Monet), Houses of Parliament,'' and the ''Water Lilies,'' among others). In order to work on many paintings virtually simultaneously, he would awake before
dawn
Dawn is the time that marks the beginning of twilight before sunrise. It is recognized by the diffuse sky radiation, appearance of indirect sunlight being Rayleigh scattering, scattered in Earth's atmosphere, when the centre of the Sun's disc ha ...
so as to begin at the earliest time of day:
As the morning progressed and the light changed he would switch to sequentially later canvas settings, sometimes working on as many as ten or twelve paintings a day, each one depicting a slightly different aspect of light. The process would be repeated over the course of days, weeks, or months, depending on the weather and the progress of the paintings until they were completed. As the seasons changed the process was renewed.
Certain effects of light only last for a few minutes, thus the canvases documenting such ephemera received attention for no more than a few minutes a day. Further complicating matters, the light of subsequent
sunrise
Sunrise (or sunup) is the moment when the upper rim of the Sun appears on the horizon in the morning, at the start of the Sun path. The term can also refer to the entire process of the solar disk crossing the horizon.
Terminology
Although the S ...
s, for example, could alter substantially and would require separate canvases within the series. Subsequently, different hues are evident in each painting, and in each work,
color
Color (or colour in English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English; American and British English spelling differences#-our, -or, see spelling differences) is the visual perception based on the electromagnetic spectrum. Though co ...
is used to describe not only direct but reflected light. At differing times of day and in various seasons stacks absorb the light from diverse parts of the color
spectrum
A spectrum (: spectra or spectrums) is a set of related ideas, objects, or properties whose features overlap such that they blend to form a continuum. The word ''spectrum'' was first used scientifically in optics to describe the rainbow of co ...
. As a result, the residual light that is reflected off of the stacks is seen as ever-changing, and manifests in distinctive coloring.
Many notable painters have been influenced by this particular series, including Les Fauves, Derain, and Vlaminck. Kandinsky's memoirs refer to the series: "What suddenly became clear to me was the unsuspected power of the palette, which I had not understood before and which surpassed my wildest dreams." The ''Haystacks'' series was a financial success. Fifteen of these were exhibited by
Durand-Ruel
Paul Durand-Ruel (; 31 October 1831 – 5 February 1922) was a French art dealer associated with the Impressionism, Impressionists and the Barbizon school, Barbizon School. Being the first to support artists such as Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, ...
in May 1891, and most of the paintings were sold within a month. They were especially popular among collectors from America, with twenty out of the thirty ''Haystacks'' created landing in American collections. Of the American collectors, Bertha Honoré Palmer bought nine of Monet's ''Haystacks''. The 1891 exhibit met with great public acclaim. Octave Mirbeau described Monet's daring series as representing "what lies beyond progress itself." Others described the stacks as "faces of the landscape"—they represented the countryside as a retreat from daily problems and home for contentment with nature.
Camille Pissarro
Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro ( ; ; 10 July 1830 – 13 November 1903) was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of St Thomas (now in the US Virgin Islands, but then in the Danish West Indies). ...
said: "These canvases breathe contentment." Most of the paintings sold immediately for as much as 1,000
franc
The franc is any of various units of currency. One franc is typically divided into 100 centimes. The name is said to derive from the Latin inscription ''francorum rex'' (King of the Franks) used on early French coins and until the 18th century ...
s. Additionally, Monet's prices, in general, began to rise steeply. As a result, he was able to buy outright the house and grounds at
Giverny
Giverny () is a Communes of France, commune in the northern French Departments of France, department of Eure.waterlily
pond
A pond is a small, still, land-based body of water formed by pooling inside a depression (geology), depression, either naturally or artificiality, artificially. A pond is smaller than a lake and there are no official criteria distinguishing ...
. After years of mere subsistence living, he was able to enjoy success.
The series demonstrates his intense study of light and atmospheric conditions and Monet was a perfectionist in his renderings. Monet destroyed more than one series of paintings that he found wanting. However, this series escaped his own harsh self-criticism and destruction.
1888–1889 paintings
From the 1888 harvest, Monet produced three canvases featuring two stacks each (Wildenstein #'s 1213–5) against the backdrop of hills along the left bank of the
Seine
The Seine ( , ) is a river in northern France. Its drainage basin is in the Paris Basin (a geological relative lowland) covering most of northern France. It rises at Source-Seine, northwest of Dijon in northeastern France in the Langres plat ...
On May 14, 2019, a privately held work from this series ( Grainstacks ', 1890) exchanged hands at $110.7 million, setting a record for a Monet work and becoming the first impressionist work to surpass $100 million. The buyer of the work was Hasso Plattner. Since September 2020, the painting is on display at the Museum Barberini in Potsdam.
Climate activists threw mashed potatoes at the painting in October 2022, but it was not damaged and was cleaned and put back on display.
File:Claude Monet. Haystack. End of the Summer. Morning. 1891. Oil on canvas. Louvre, Paris, France.jpg, ''Stacks, End of Summer, '' (Meules, fin de l'été), 1891. Oil on canvas.
Musée d'Orsay
The Musée d'Orsay ( , , ) () is a museum in Paris, France, on the Rive Gauche, Left Bank of the Seine. It is housed in the former Gare d'Orsay, a Beaux-Arts architecture, Beaux-Arts railway station built from 1898 to 1900. The museum holds mai ...
,
Paris, France
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
. W1266
File:Monet - Grainstacks, in Bright Sunlight, 1890.jpg, ''Grainstacks, in Bright Sunlight'', 1890, Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, CT, W1267
File:Claude Monet, Grainstacks in the Sunlight, Morning Effect, 1890, oil on canvas 65 x 100 cm.jpg, ''Grainstacks in the Sunlight, Morning Effect'', 1890. Oil on canvas. Private collection. W1268.
File:Claude_Monet_-_Stacks_of_Wheat_(End_of_Summer)_-_1985.1103_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg, ''Wheatstacks (End of Summer)'', 1890–91. Oil on canvas.
Art Institute of Chicago
The Art Institute of Chicago, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States. The museum is based in the Art Institute of Chicago Building in Chicago's Grant Park (Chicago), Grant Park. Its collection, stewa ...
, W1269
File:1270 Wheatstacks, 1890-91, 65.8 x 101 cm, 25 7-8 x 39 3-4 in, The Art Institute of Chicago.jpg, ''Wheatstacks'', 1890–91. Oil on canvas.
Art Institute of Chicago
The Art Institute of Chicago, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States. The museum is based in the Art Institute of Chicago Building in Chicago's Grant Park (Chicago), Grant Park. Its collection, stewa ...
. W1270
File:Claude Monet - Meules, milieu du jour.jpg, ''Haystacks, (Midday),'' 1890–91, National Gallery of Australia, W1271
File:Monet - Wildenstein 1996, 1272.jpg, Monet – Wildenstein 1996, 1272.
File:Claude Monet - Meules (W 1273).jpg, ''Grainstacks,'' 1890 Hasso Plattner Collection on permanent loan at the Museum Barberini, Potsdam (Sold for $110.7 million on Sotheby's May 14, 2019.) W1273
File:Monet grainstacks-snow-effect-1891 W1274.jpg, ''Grainstack, White Frost Effect'', 1890–91, Shelburne Museum, Vermont
File:Monet - Wildenstein 1996, 1275.png, Monet – Wildenstein 1996, 1275.
File:Getty monet wheatstacks.jpg, ''Wheatstacks, Snow Effect, Morning'', 1891. Oil on canvas. J. Paul Getty Museum. W1276.
File:Haystacks, Snow Effect 1891 Claude Monet NGScotland.jpg, ''Grainstacks Snow Effect'', (Meules, effet de neige), 1891. Oil on canvas.
National Gallery of Scotland
The National (formerly the Scottish National Gallery) is the national art gallery of Scotland. It is located on The Mound in central Edinburgh, close to Princes Street. The building was designed in a neoclassical style by William Henry Playfa ...
,
Edinburgh
Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. The city is located in southeast Scotland and is bounded to the north by the Firth of Forth and to the south by the Pentland Hills. Edinburgh ...
,
Scotland
Scotland is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It contains nearly one-third of the United Kingdom's land area, consisting of the northern part of the island of Great Britain and more than 790 adjac ...
, W1277
File:1278 Wheatstacks (Sunset, Snow Effect), 1890-91, 65.3 x 100.4 cm, 25 11-16 x 39 1-2 in., The Art Institute of Chicago.jpg, ''Wheatstacks (Sunset, Snow Effect)'', 1890–91. Oil on canvas.
Art Institute of Chicago
The Art Institute of Chicago, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States. The museum is based in the Art Institute of Chicago Building in Chicago's Grant Park (Chicago), Grant Park. Its collection, stewa ...
. W1278
File:Claude Monet (French, Paris 1840–1926 Giverny) - Haystacks (Effect of Snow and Sun) - Google Art Project.jpg, ''Haystacks (Effect of Snow and Sun)'' Oil on canvas.
Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an Encyclopedic museum, encyclopedic art museum in New York City. By floor area, it is the List of largest museums, third-largest museum in the world and the List of larg ...
– W1279
File:Claude Monet, Haystack, Morning Snow Effect (Meule, Effet de Neige, le Matin), 1891, oil on canvas, 65 x 92 cm, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.jpg, ''Haystack, Morning Snow Effect'' (Meule, Effet de Neige, le Matin), 1891. Oil on canvas.
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
The Museum of Fine Arts (often abbreviated as MFA Boston or MFA) is an art museum in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the list of largest art museums, 20th-largest art museum in the world, measured by public gallery area. It contains 8,161 painting ...
.W1280
File:1281 Wheatstack (Snow Effect, Overcast day), 1890-91, 66 x 93 cm, 26 x 36 5-8, The Art Institute of Chicago.jpg, ''Wheatstack (Snow Effect, Overcast day)'', 1890–91. Oil on canvas.
Art Institute of Chicago
The Art Institute of Chicago, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States. The museum is based in the Art Institute of Chicago Building in Chicago's Grant Park (Chicago), Grant Park. Its collection, stewa ...
. W1281
File:Monet haystacks-at-sunset-frosty-weather-1891 W1282.jpg, ''Haystacks at sunset, frosty weather'', private collection. W1282
File:1283 Wheatstack, 1890-91, 65.6 x 92 cm, 25 13-16 x 36 1-4 in., The Art Institute of Chicago.jpg, ''Wheatstack'', 1890–91. Oil on canvas.
Art Institute of Chicago
The Art Institute of Chicago, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States. The museum is based in the Art Institute of Chicago Building in Chicago's Grant Park (Chicago), Grant Park. Its collection, stewa ...
. W1283
File:1284 Wheatstack (Thaw, Sunset), 1890-91, 66 x 93, 26 x 36 5-8 in. The Art Institute of Chicago.jpg, ''Wheatstack (Thaw, Sunset)'', 1890–91. Oil on canvas.
Art Institute of Chicago
The Art Institute of Chicago, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States. The museum is based in the Art Institute of Chicago Building in Chicago's Grant Park (Chicago), Grant Park. Its collection, stewa ...
. W1284
File:Monet grainstack 65 x 92 cm, 1891 W1285.jpg, Monet grainstack 65 x 92 cm, 1891 W1285
File:1286 Wheatstack (Sun in the Mist), 1891, 65 x 100 cm; 25 5-8 x 39 3-8 in., Minneapolis Institute of Arts.jpg, ''Wheatstack (Sun in the Mist)'', 1891. Oil on canvas. Minneapolis Institute of Arts. W1286
File:Monet - Wildenstein 1996, 1287.jpg, ''Grainstack in the Sunlight, Snow Effect,'' 1891 Hasso Plattner Collection on permanent loan at the Museum Barberini in
Potsdam
Potsdam () is the capital and largest city of the Germany, German States of Germany, state of Brandenburg. It is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region. Potsdam sits on the Havel, River Havel, a tributary of the Elbe, downstream of B ...
. W1287
File:Poss 1288 Grainstack in Sunshine, 1891, Meule au soleil, Oil on Canvas, 60 x 100 cm, Zurich, Kunsthaus Zurich.jpg, ''Grainstack in Sunshine'', 1891. Oil on canvas. Kunsthaus Zürich. W1288
File:Claude Monet - Graystaks I.JPG, ''Grainstack. (Sunset.)'', 1890–91. Oil on canvas.
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
The Museum of Fine Arts (often abbreviated as MFA Boston or MFA) is an art museum in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the list of largest art museums, 20th-largest art museum in the world, measured by public gallery area. It contains 8,161 painting ...
. W1289
File:1290 Grainstack in the Sunlight, 1891, Oil on Canvas, Private Collection.jpg, ''Grainstack in the Sunlight'', 1891. Oil on canvas. Private collection. W1290
File:Claude Monet - Haystack in the Evening Sun - Gösta Serlachius Fine Arts foundation.jpg, ''Haystack in the Evening Sun'', 1891. Oil on canvas. Gösta Serlachius Fine Arts Foundation.
*Forge, Andrew, and Gordon, Robert, ''Monet'', Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1989.
*Gerdts, William H., ''Monet's Giverny: An Impressionist Colony'', Abbeville Press Publishers, 1993.
*Heinrich, Christoph, ''Claude Monet'', Benedikt
Taschen
Taschen is a luxury art book publisher founded in 1980 by Benedikt Taschen in Cologne, Germany. As of January 2017, Taschen is co-managed by Benedikt Taschen and his eldest daughter, Marlene Taschen.
History
The company began as Tasch ...
Verlag GmbH, 2000
*House, John, ''Monet: Nature into Art'',
Yale University Press
Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University. It was founded in 1908 by George Parmly Day and Clarence Day, grandsons of Benjamin Day, and became a department of Yale University in 1961, but it remains financially and ope ...
, 1986.
*Kelder, Diane, ''The Great Book of French Impressionism,'' Abbeville Press Publishers, 1980.
*Lemonedes, Heather, Lynn Federle Orr and David Steel, ''Monet in Normandy,'' Rizzoli International Publications, 2006,
*Sagner, Karin, ''Monet at Giverny'', Prestel Verlag
*Stuckey, Charles F., ''Claude Monet 1840–1926'', 1995, co-published by The Art Institute of Chicago and Thames and Hudson.
*Tucker, Paul Hayes, ''Monet in the '90s: The Series Paintings'', 1989,
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
The Museum of Fine Arts (often abbreviated as MFA Boston or MFA) is an art museum in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the list of largest art museums, 20th-largest art museum in the world, measured by public gallery area. It contains 8,161 painting ...
in association with Yale University Press
*Wildenstein, Daniel, ''Monet: or the Triumph of Impressionism'', 2006, Taschen GmbH
*Published on the occasion of the Exhibition ''Monet's Years at Giverny: Beyond Impressionism'' Organized by the
Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an Encyclopedic museum, encyclopedic art museum in New York City. By floor area, it is the List of largest museums, third-largest museum in the world and the List of larg ...
in association with the St. Louis Art Museum, 1978, Abradale Press/Harry N. Abrams, Inc.