In
geodesy
Geodesy or geodetics is the science of measuring and representing the Figure of the Earth, geometry, Gravity of Earth, gravity, and Earth's rotation, spatial orientation of the Earth in Relative change, temporally varying Three-dimensional spac ...
, the Hayford ellipsoid is a
reference ellipsoid
An Earth ellipsoid or Earth spheroid is a mathematical figure approximating the Earth's form, used as a reference frame for computations in geodesy, astronomy, and the geosciences. Various different ellipsoids have been used as approximation ...
named after the American
geodesist John Fillmore Hayford
John Fillmore Hayford (May 19, 1868 – March 10, 1925) was an eminent United States geodesist. His work involved the study of isostasy and the construction of a reference ellipsoid for approximating the figure of the Earth. Hayford was elected ...
(1868–1925), which was introduced in 1910. The Hayford ellipsoid was also referred to as the International ellipsoid 1924 after it had been adopted by the
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG; , UGGI) is an international non-governmental organization dedicated to the scientific study of Earth and its space environment using geophysical and geodetic techniques.
The IUGG is a me ...
IUGG in 1924, and was recommended for use all over the world. Many countries retained their previous ellipsoids.
The Hayford ellipsoid is defined by its
semi-major axis
In geometry, the major axis of an ellipse is its longest diameter: a line segment that runs through the center and both foci, with ends at the two most widely separated points of the perimeter. The semi-major axis (major semiaxis) is the longe ...
= and its
flattening
Flattening is a measure of the compression of a circle or sphere along a diameter to form an ellipse or an ellipsoid of revolution (spheroid) respectively. Other terms used are ellipticity, or oblateness. The usual notation for flattening is f ...
= 1:297.00. Unlike some of its predecessors, such as the
Bessel ellipsoid ( = , = 1:299.15), which was a European ellipsoid, the Hayford ellipsoid also included measurements from
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...
, as well as other continents (to a lesser extent). It also included
isostatic measurements to reduce
plumbline divergences. Hayfords ellipsoid did not reach the accuracy of
Helmert's ellipsoid published 1906 ( = , = 1:298.3).
It has since been replaced as the "International ellipsoid" by the newer
Lucerne ellipsoid (1967) and
GRS 80
The Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) consists of a global reference ellipsoid and a normal gravity model. The GRS80 gravity model has been followed by the newer more accurate Earth Gravitational Models, but the GRS80 reference ellipsoid i ...
(1980).
See also
*
Earth ellipsoid
An Earth ellipsoid or Earth spheroid is a mathematical figure approximating the Earth's form, used as a reference frame for computations in geodesy, astronomy, and the geosciences. Various different ellipsoids have been used as approximation ...
Sources
*
Defense Mapping Agency: ''Geodesy for the layman'', 1983, p.
Geodesy
Geophysics
Ellipsoids
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