Hatra

Hatra (; (); ) was an ancient Arab city in Upper Mesopotamia located in present-day eastern Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq. The ruins of the city lie northwest of Baghdad and southwest of Mosul. It is considered the richest archaeological site from the Parthian Empire known to date.

Hatra was a strongly fortified caravan city and capital of the small Arab Kingdom of Hatra, located between the Roman and Parthian/Sasanian Empires. Hatra flourished in the 2nd century, and was destroyed and deserted in the 3rd century. Its ruins were discovered in the 19th century.

Name

Hatra is known as () in Arabic. It is recorded as (, vocalized as: ) in Hatran Aramaic inscriptions, probably meaning "enclosure, hedge, fence". In Syriac, it is usually recorded in the plural form ''Ḥaṭrē''. In Roman works, it is recorded as Greek ''Átra'' and Latin ' and '.

The temple of Shamash, at was officially called ''Beit ʾElāhāʾ'' "House of God", in Hatran Aramaic inscriptions The city was recorded as "Enclosure of Shamash" (''ḥtrʾ d-šmš'' ) on a coin.

History

There is no archeological information on the city before the Parthian period but settlement in the area likely dates back to at least the Seleucid period. Hatra flourished under the Parthians, during the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, as a religious and trading center. Later on, the city became the capital of possibly the first Arab Kingdom in the chain of Arab cities running from Hatra, in the northeast, via Palmyra, Baalbek and Petra, in the southwest. The region controlled from Hatra was the Kingdom of Hatra, a semi-autonomous buffer kingdom on the western limits of the Parthian Empire, governed by Arabian princes.

Hatra became an important fortified frontier city and played an important role in the Second Parthian War, withstanding repeated attacks by the Roman Empire. During the 2nd century CE the city repulsed sieges by both Trajan (116/117) and Septimius Severus (198/199).Advisory Body Evaluation on Hatra
International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). 1985. pages 1–2. Hatra's forces defeated the ascendant Sassanid Persians in 238 at the battle of Shahrazoor, but fell shortly after in 241 to the army of Sassanid king Shapur I and was destroyed. The traditional stories of the fall of Hatra tell of al-Nadirah, daughter of the King of Araba, who betrayed the city into the hands of Shapur as she fell in love with him. The story tells of how Shapur killed the king and married al-Nadirah, but later had her killed also after realizing her ingratitude towards her father.

Hatra was the best preserved and most informative example of ancient Arabian architecture. Its plan was circular, and was encircled by inner and outer walls nearly in diameter and supported by more than 160 towers. A temenos (τέμενος) surrounded the principal sacred buildings in the city's centre. The temples covered some 1.2 hectares and were dominated by the Great Temple, an enormous structure with vaults and columns that once rose to 30 metres. The city was famed for its fusion of Greek, Mesopotamian, Canaanite, Aramean and Arabian pantheons, known in Aramaic as ' ("House of God"). The city had temples to Nergal ( Assyrian- Babylonian and Akkadian), Hermes ( Greek), Atargatis ( Syro-Aramaean), Allat, Shamiyyah ( Arabian), and Shamash (the Mesopotamian sun god). Other deities mentioned in the Hatran Aramaic inscriptions were the Aramaean Ba'al Shamayn, and the female deity known as Ashurbel, which was perhaps the assimilation of the two deities the Assyrian god Ashur and the Babylonian Bel—despite their being individually masculine.

List of rulers

In inscriptions found at Hatra, several rulers are mentioned. Other rulers are sporadically mentioned by classical authors. The earlier rulers are titled ''mrjʾ'' (''māryā'', "lord") and the later ones ''mlkʾ d-ʿrb'' ("king of the Arabs"; ''malkā'', "king").

Art of Hatra

According to John M. Rosenfield, the statuary of Hatra belong to the Parthian cultural sphere, with numerous similarities in terms of clothing, decorative elements or posture, which tend to be massive and frontal, with feet often splayed. The architecture of Hatra itself is generally seen as an example of Parthian architecture. Similarities can be seen with the Art of the Kushans as well, due either to direct cultural exchanges between the area of Mesopotamia and the Kushan Empire at that time, or from a common Parthian artistic background leading to similar types of representation.

File:Headless statue of an unidentified nobleman from Hatra, Iraq. 2nd-3rd century CE. Iraq Museum.jpg, Headless statue of a nobleman features intricate detail.
File:Military commander from the city of Hatra. National Museum of Iraq (closeup).jpg, Military commander from the city of Hatra. Iraq Museum, Baghdad.
File:Hatra_military_man.jpg, Limestone statue of a military commander in his uniform holding a statue of a deity.
Ancient Parthian relief carving of the god Nergal from Hatra.jpg, Relief of the god Nergal from Hatra.
File:Hatra relief devotee.jpg, Hatra relief devotee.

Modern Hatra

Hatra was used as the setting for the opening scene in the 1973 film ''The Exorcist'', and since 1985 has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The site was first surveyed by Walter Andrae of the German excavation team working in Assur from 1906 to 1911. But systematic excavations have been undertaken only from 1951 by Iraqi archeologists. From the 1980s, the Italian Archaeological Expedition, directed by R. Ricciardi Venco (University of Turin), made major discoveries at Hatra. The excavations were focused on an important house ("Building A"), located close to the Temenos, and on deep soundings in the Temenos central area. Now the Expedition is active in different projects regarding the preservation and development of the archaeological site. In 1990, a Polish expedition of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw recorded and studied the city's defense walls.

In 2004, ''The Daily Telegraph'' stated "Hatra's finely preserved columns and statues make it one of the most impressive of Iraq's archaeological sites"

Restoration by Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein saw the site's Mesopotamian history as reflecting glory on himself, and sought to restore the site, and others in Ninevah, Nimrud, Ashur and Babylon, as a symbol of Arab achievement, spending more than US$80 million in the first phase of restoration of Babylon. Saddam Hussein demanded that new bricks in the restoration use his name (in imitation of Nebuchadnezzar) and parts of one restored Hatra temple have Saddam's name.

Partial destruction and looting by ISIL

Actions by the forces of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, which occupied the area in mid-2014, were a major threat to Hatra. In early 2015 they announced their intention to destroy many artifacts, claiming that such "graven images" were un-Islamic, encouraged shirk (or polytheism), and could not be permitted to exist, despite the preservation of the site for 1,400 years by various Islamic regimes. ISIL militants pledged to destroy the remaining artifacts. Shortly thereafter, they released a video showing the destruction of some artifacts from Hatra. After the bulldozing of Nimrud on March 5, 2015, "Hatra of course will be next" said Abdulamir Hamdani, an Iraqi archaeologist from Stony Brook University. On March 7, Iraqi official sources reported ISIS had begun the demolishing the ruins of Hatra. A video released by ISIL during the next month showed the destruction of the monuments.

UNESCO and ISESCO issued a joint statement saying "With this latest act of barbarism against Hatra, (the IS group) shows the contempt in which it holds the history and heritage of Arab people."

The pro-Iraqi government Popular Mobilization Forces captured the city on 26 April 2017. A spokeswoman for the militias stated that ISIL had destroyed the sculptures and engraved images of the site, but its walls and towers were still standing though contained holes and scratches received from ISIL bullets. PMF units also stated that the group had mined the site's eastern gates, thus temporarily preventing any assessment of damage by archaeologists. It was reported on 1 May that the site had suffered less damage than feared earlier. A journalist of EFE had earlier reported finding many destroyed statues, burnt buildings as well as signs of looting. Layla Salih, head of antiquities for Nineveh Governorate, stated that most of the buildings were intact and the destruction didn't compare with that of other archaeological sites of Iraq. A PMF commander also stated that the damage was relatively minor.

Gallery

File:Hatra-1453.jpg, Remains of several temples and ancient walls (2004)
File:Hatra-71339.jpg, Elevated view of the site in 2007
File:Hatra-Ruins-2006-5.jpg, Temple facade (May 2006)
File:Hatra-Ruins-2006-6.jpg, Southern exposure of the temple (May 2006)
File:Hatra Ruins - 2008-07-20.jpg, July 2008
File:Hatra-Ruins-2008-8.jpg, Marn Temple (November 2008)
File:Hatra-Ruins-2008-9.jpg, November 2008
File:Crazy Troop Visit Ancient Ruins of Hatra 2.jpg, American soldiers at the site, September 2010
File:Crazy Troop Visit Ancient Ruins of Hatra 6.jpg, American soldiers at the site, September 2010
File:Hatra city.jpeg, Elevated view of the temple (September 2014)
File:Hatra-1454.jpg, Detail of a temple, showing Hellenistic, Mesopotamian and Iranian architecture
File:Hatra-109732.jpg, Decorated arch with faces
File:Hatra-109726.jpg, View of iwans
File:Hatra-109730.jpg, Closeup of an iwan
File:Hatra-109728.jpg, Facade of Temple
File:Hatra-109736.jpg, Arch of the temple
File:Hatra-109734.jpg, Protruded head on a wall
File:Hatra-Ruins-2006-7.jpg, Statue of the Goddess Shahiro
File:From left to right, an unidentified ruler, Hermes, a female deity, and Sanatruq I.From Hatra. Erbil Civilization Museum.jpg, From left to right, an unidentified ruler, Hermes, a female deity, and Sanatruq I.From Hatra. Erbil Civilization Museum
File:Door lintel from Hatra. 2nd-3rd century AD. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraqi Kurdistan.jpg, Door lintel from Hatra. 2nd-3rd century AD. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraqi Kurdistan
File:Hatra Arch.jpg, Monumental entrance arch from Hatra, now at the Iraqi National Museum

Climate

Hatra has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification ''BSh''). Most rain falls in the winter. The average annual temperature in Hatra is . About of precipitation falls annually.

See also

* Aramaic of Hatra
* Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State
* Taq-i Kisra, sharing architectural features with structures at Hatra

References

Further reading

*
* Beyer, Klaus (1998). ''Die aramäischen Inschriften aus Assur, Hatra und dem übrigen Ostmesopotamien (datiert 44 v. Chr. bis 238 n. Chr.)'' he Aramaic inscriptions from Assur, Hatra and the rest of Eastern Mesopotamia (dated 44 BC to 238 AD) Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, .
* Dirven, Lucinda (ed.) (2013). ''Hatra. Politics, Culture and Religion between Parthia and Rome.'' Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, .
* Sommer, Michael (2003). ''Hatra. Geschichte und Kultur einer Karawanenstadt im römisch-parthischen Mesopotamien'' atra. History and culture of a caravan city in Roman-Parthian Mesopotamia Mainz: Zabern, .
* Vattioni, Francesco (1981). ''Le iscrizioni di Ḥatra'' he inscriptions of Hatra Napoli: Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli.
* Vattioni, Francesco (1994). ''Hatra.'' Napoli: Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli.

External links

Between Rome and Parthia: The Desert City of Hatra
* http://lexicorient.com/e.o/hathra.htm
* http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039509
* http://shezaf.net/english/Video/Video/Hatra.html
* http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/chronicle/8612.shtml BBC ''Chronicle'' "Lost Kings of the Desert"
* https://hatrasite.com/ Italian Archaeological Expedition at Hatra

Iraqi forces seize ancient UNESCO site of Hatra from Islamic State as jihadis execute Mosul civilians

{{Authority control

History of Nineveh Governorate
Archaeological sites in Iraq
World Heritage Sites in Iraq
Parthian cities
Sasanian cities
Populated places destroyed during wars
Former populated places in Iraq
District capitals of Iraq
Buildings and structures destroyed by ISIL
Articles containing video clips
Arbayistan