Sayyed Hasan Taqizādeh (; September 27, 1878 in
Tabriz
Tabriz (; ) is a city in the Central District (Tabriz County), Central District of Tabriz County, in the East Azerbaijan province, East Azerbaijan province of northwestern Iran. It serves as capital of the province, the county, and the distric ...
,
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...
– January 28, 1970 in
Tehran
Tehran (; , ''Tehrân'') is the capital and largest city of Iran. It is the capital of Tehran province, and the administrative center for Tehran County and its Central District (Tehran County), Central District. With a population of around 9. ...
,
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...
) was an influential Iranian
politician
A politician is a person who participates in Public policy, policy-making processes, usually holding an elective position in government. Politicians represent the people, make decisions, and influence the formulation of public policy. The roles ...
and
diplomat
A diplomat (from ; romanization, romanized ''diploma'') is a person appointed by a state (polity), state, International organization, intergovernmental, or Non-governmental organization, nongovernmental institution to conduct diplomacy with one ...
, of
Azerbaijani origin, during the
Qajar era
The Guarded Domains of Iran, alternatively the Sublime State of Iran and commonly called Qajar Iran, Qajar Persia or the Qajar Empire, was the Iranian state under the rule of the Qajar dynasty, which was of Turkic peoples, Turkic origin,Cyrus G ...
under the reign of
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar (; 21 June 1872 – 5 April 1925) was the sixth shah of the Qajar dynasty and remained the Shah of Iran from 8 January 1907 until being deposed on 16 July 1909. He was furthermore the grandson of Iran’s early mod ...
, as well as the Pahlavi era under the reign of
Reza Shah
Reza Shah Pahlavi born Reza Khan (15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941 and founder of the roughly 53 years old Pahlavi dynasty. Originally a military officer, he became a politician, serving as minister of war an ...
and
Mohammad Reza Shah
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980) was the last Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 to 1979. He succeeded his father Reza Shah and ruled the Imperial State of Iran until he was overthrown by the Iranian Revolution, which ...
. Taqizadeh was also a prominent scholar; his studies on Iranian calendars remain reference work up until now.
Although in the modern political history Taqizadeh is known as a
secular
Secularity, also the secular or secularness (from Latin , or or ), is the state of being unrelated or neutral in regards to religion. The origins of secularity can be traced to the Bible itself. The concept was fleshed out through Christian hi ...
politician, who believed that "outwardly and inwardly, in body and in spirit, Iran must become Europeanized", he came from a traditional
Islamic
Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...
Sayyed-family (descendant of
Muhammad
Muhammad (8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. Muhammad in Islam, According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of A ...
). His father, Sayyed Taqi, was a clergyman and when Sayyed Hasan became a
mullah
Mullah () is an honorific title for Islam, Muslim clergy and mosque Imam, leaders. The term is widely used in Iran and Afghanistan and is also used for a person who has higher education in Islamic theology and Sharia, sharia law.
The title h ...
, it seemed likely that he would follow in his father's footsteps. From an early age Taqizadeh showed interest in enlightened ideas and the Western concept of
constitutionalism
Constitutionalism is "a compound of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law".
Political organizations are constitutional to ...
. This interest can be traced back to the socio-political sphere in which Taqizadeh became an adult. He grew up in Tabriz, the capital city of
East Azerbaijan province
East Azerbaijan province () is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Tabriz.
The province is located in Azerbaijan (Iran), Iranian Azerbaijan, bordering Armenia, the Azerbaijan, Republic of Azerbaijan, Ardabil pro ...
, which was the gateway to the modern and progressive ideas coming from
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
and especially
Western Europe
Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's extent varies depending on context.
The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the Western half of the ancient Mediterranean ...
. In the time of
World War I
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
,
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
and after, Taqizadeh was the most influential person in Iran who supported the interests of
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
against Russia and Britain.
Biography
Secretly Taqizadeh studied
French
French may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France
** French people, a nation and ethnic group
** French cuisine, cooking traditions and practices
Arts and media
* The French (band), ...
and
English for the purpose of becoming acquainted with the Western
Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was a Europe, European Intellect, intellectual and Philosophy, philosophical movement active from the late 17th to early 19th century. Chiefly valuing knowledge gained th ...
and modern political thoughts. Nevertheless, he became mullah and remained one until the period in which the traditional Iranian political and socio-economic system disintegrated and the modern Iranian nation-state was formed. As early as the beginning of his political career he confronted the corrupt and despotic régime of the Qajar princes, who seemed unable to prevent the decay of their dynasty. Convinced of the destructive consequences of the
despotism
In political science, despotism () is a government, form of government in which a single entity rules with absolute Power (social and political), power. Normally, that entity is an individual, the despot (as in an autocracy), but societies whi ...
and corruption for the political and socio-economic development of Iran, Taqizadeh actively participated in the
Constitutional Revolution (''Mashruteh'' Revolution), which resulted in the foundation of the
Majles
(, pl. ') is an Arabic term meaning 'sitting room', used to describe various types of special gatherings among common interest groups of administrative, social or religious nature in countries with linguistic or cultural connections to the Mus ...
(
Parliament
In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: Representation (politics), representing the Election#Suffrage, electorate, making laws, and overseeing ...
- مجلس شورای ملی). From this period onwards he developed into a secular enlightened politician. In 1908 his life was saved by
Claude Stokes a British
who allowed him to take refuge in the legation compound. He was then secured safe passage to
England
England is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers about 62%, and List of islands of England, more than 100 smaller adjacent islands. It ...
where he worked with
Edward Granville Browne
Edward Granville Browne FBA (7 February 1862 – 5 January 1926) was a British Iranologist. He published numerous articles and books, mainly in the areas of history and literature.
Life
Browne was born in Stouts Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire, ...
to lobby parliament for support of the constitutionalist movement.
In 1909, under the guidance of Taqizadeh the first modern pro German political party, the ''Ferqeh-ye Demokrat-e Iran'' (
Democratic Party of Iran), was founded in Iran. Shortly after the outbreak of
World War I
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, Taqizadeh allied with
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
against Russia and Britain. In
Berlin
Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...
he established the ''Komiteh-ye Iran'' (Committee of Iran), and together with other prominent Iranian intellectuals, he published the influential periodical ''
Kaveh'' (1916–1922), which was distributed in
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...
as well as in Iran. ''Kaveh'' was a political and literary journal which greatly contributed to the creation of the Iranian consciousness and national identity. This journal emphasized the need for national independence, and internal reforms, especially secular and educational ones.
Under the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi (1925–1941), Taqizadeh contributed to the formation of the modern Iranian nation-state. During his political career of seventy years, Taqizadeh served as
parliamentarian,
governor-general
Governor-general (plural governors-general), or governor general (plural governors general), is the title of an official, most prominently associated with the British Empire. In the context of the governors-general and former British colonies, ...
of
Khorasan province
Khorasan ( ; also transcribed as Khurasan, Xorasan and Khorassan), also called Traxiane during Hellenistic and Parthian Empire, Parthian times, was a Provinces of Iran, province in northeastern Iran until September 2004, when it was divided in ...
, minister of Roads and Transportation, minister of Finance, and
ambassador
An ambassador is an official envoy, especially a high-ranking diplomat who represents a state and is usually accredited to another sovereign state or to an international organization as the resident representative of their own government or so ...
to the
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
and
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
. Although at the time of the Constitutional Revolution he opposed the formation of the
Senate
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
(''Majles-e Sena'', مجلس سنا — defunct since 1979, following adoption of a new constitution), in 1950, during the imperial government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (1941–1978), he became its president. Taqizadeh described his life as a "tempestuous life" (''Zendegi-ye Tufani''), which he later used as the title of his
autobiography
An autobiography, sometimes informally called an autobio, is a self-written account of one's own life, providing a personal narrative that reflects on the author's experiences, memories, and insights. This genre allows individuals to share thei ...
.
Taqizadeh's views are not characterised by ideological continuity, but by many breaks in the course of his life, which have contributed to the difficulty of writing a consistent account of his life. Taqizadeh was a natural politician. If he was convinced that his alliance with a person or country would further interests of Iran, he often was ready to ally himself with them. Similarly, he would abandon his allies if he believed that his alliance would be detrimental
to his country. The following two quotations are indicative of the divergence of views that exist concerning Taqizadeh:
"He aqizadehhad won deserved fame by his fearless independence and wonderful grasp of political affairs. There is something so sympathetic in his face, so attractive, with eyes sparkling with cheerful animation. (...). If I am not mistaken he is of those whose genius is capable of inspiring great enthusiasm, great sacrifices, and whose influence leaves a lasting impression of the history of nations." (Edward Granville Browne
Edward Granville Browne FBA (7 February 1862 – 5 January 1926) was a British Iranologist. He published numerous articles and books, mainly in the areas of history and literature.
Life
Browne was born in Stouts Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire, ...
)
"In which position was Taqizadeh true and sincere? What were the motives of that contradictory behaviour? He was not adept at political truth and honour." ( Fereydun Adamiyat)
Views vary as to the degree to which Taqizadeh served the interests of Iran and her people. Some experts believe that he made the Iranian interests secondary to that of the United Kingdom during the period of the Constitutional Revolution, and to that of Germany during World War I. Others suggest that he allied with the United Kingdom with the intention of protecting Iran against the Russian expansionist policies. They are of the opinion that Taqizadeh was a supporter of the Iranian constitution and that during World War I, he allied with Germany to oppose the Anglo-Russian influence which was aimed at undermining Iran's independence. In addition, they believe that in 1942 Taqizadeh attempted to bring about a close relationship between Iran and the
United States of America
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguo ...
in order to guarantee a balance of powers conducive to Iran's independence.
Chronology of Taqizadeh's life
Hassan Taqizadeh was born on 27 September 1878 in Tabriz. In 1896, he established the Tarbiyat (Education) school, a
bookshop
Bookselling is the commercial trading of books, which is the retail and distribution end of the publishing process.
People who engage in bookselling are called booksellers, bookdealers, book people, bookmen, or bookwomen.
History
The foundi ...
, and a
pharmacy
Pharmacy is the science and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, reviewing and monitoring medications, aiming to ensure the safe, effective, and affordable use of medication, medicines. It is a miscellaneous science as it ...
in Tabriz with associates.
1898: Taught
physics
Physics is the scientific study of matter, its Elementary particle, fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge whi ...
at ''Loqmaniya'' in Tabriz. Translated the book ''
'Ajaeb-e Asemani'' (''Astrnomie Populaire'') by
Camille Flammarion
Nicolas Camille Flammarion FRAS (; 26 February 1842 – 3 June 1925) was a French astronomer and author. He was a prolific author of more than fifty titles, including popular science works about astronomy, several notable early science fiction ...
.
In 1898, he taught
physics
Physics is the scientific study of matter, its Elementary particle, fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge whi ...
at the Loqmaniya school in Tabriz and translated ''‘Ajaeb-e Asemani'' (Astronomie Populaire) by
Camille Flammarion
Nicolas Camille Flammarion FRAS (; 26 February 1842 – 3 June 1925) was a French astronomer and author. He was a prolific author of more than fifty titles, including popular science works about astronomy, several notable early science fiction ...
. Between 1899 and 1900, he studied English at the
American Memorial School in Tabriz
American Memorial School of Tabriz (), established in the Iranian city of Tabriz in 1881 during the Qajar Iran, Qajar period, is one of the most prominent schools of its kind. Hundreds of Iranian received their secondary education in Memorial Scho ...
, a
Presbyterian
Presbyterianism is a historically Reformed Protestant tradition named for its form of church government by representative assemblies of elders, known as "presbyters". Though other Reformed churches are structurally similar, the word ''Pr ...
mission institution.
From January 1903 to January 1904, he published the magazine Ganjineh-ye Fonun (Treasure of Sciences). In 1904, he travelled to the
Caucasus
The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region spanning Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, comprising parts of Southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The Caucasus Mountains, i ...
,
Istanbul
Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...
,
Egypt
Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...
, and
Beirut
Beirut ( ; ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Lebanon. , Greater Beirut has a population of 2.5 million, just under half of Lebanon's population, which makes it the List of largest cities in the Levant region by populatio ...
, and published the discourse Tahqiq-e Ahval-e kononi-ye Iran ba Mohakemat-e Tarikhi in the Cairo-based newspaper Hekmat.
He returned to Tabriz in October 1905, and moved to Tehran in September 1906, where he published articles in Neda-ye Vatan (Voice of Nation). In October 1906, he was elected by the merchants of Tabriz as a deputy to the First Majles. He contributed articles to ''
Sur-e Esrafil'' and Mosavat (Equality).
In June 1908, he was exiled by order of Mohammad Ali Shah and left Iran for Europe. In September 1908, he organized political activities in the United Kingdom. He returned to Tabriz in November 1908.
After the constitutionalist victory in August 1909, he arrived in Tehran and joined the "Temporarily Board of Directors". He was elected to the Second Majles and, in October 1909, became the parliamentary leader of Ferqeh-ye Demokrat-e Iran (Democratic Party of Iran).
In 1910, following the assassination of
Sayyed Abdullah Behbahani, he left Tehran and remained in Tabriz for several months. He relocated to
Istanbul
Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...
in October 1910, residing there for nearly two years, and departed for Europe in 1911.
In June 1913, he travelled to
New York
New York most commonly refers to:
* New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States
* New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York
New York may also refer to:
Places United Kingdom
* ...
, where he remained for nineteen months and published four political articles in French in the journal Revue du Monde Musulman, addressing developments in Iran, the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
, and
Arabic
Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...
regions.
In January 1915, he left the United States for
Berlin
Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...
, travelling through
the Netherlands
, Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...
. From January 1916 to March 1922, he published the periodical ''
Kaveh'' (Blacksmith), in collaboration with writers such as
Sayyed Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh and
Hossein Kazemzadeh.
In January 1922, he went to
Moscow
Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents with ...
as a state representative to negotiate a friendship agreement, remaining there for one and a half years. In 1923, he married a German citizen.
He returned to Iran in July 1924, was elected to the Fifth Majles, and served on the Ma'aref (Cultural Affairs) Commission. In June 1926, he travelled to the United States as Iran’s official representative to the
Philadelphia Sesquicentennial Exposition of 1926, and joined the "Council of Founders" of the "Society of National Opuses".
In 1927, he was elected to the Sixth Majles. In 1928, he was appointed Governor-general of Khorasan. In 1929, he became Iranian
Minister Plenipotentiary
An envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, usually known as a minister, was a diplomatic head of mission who was ranked below ambassador. A diplomatic mission headed by an envoy was known as a legation rather than an embassy. Under the ...
to London.
He returned to Iran in March 1930 and served as Minister of Roads and Transport. From August 1930 to August 1933, he held the position of Minister of Finance. In April 1933, he participated in the signing of the oil concession extension.
From November 1933 to July 1934, he served as Minister Plenipotentiary to Paris. In 1934, he travelled to the United Kingdom to give a lecture at the
Royal Society of Arts
The Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, commonly known as the Royal Society of Arts (RSA), is a learned society that champions innovation and progress across a multitude of sectors by fostering creativity, s ...
and then relocated to Berlin for fifteen months.
In 1935, he represented Iran at the "International Association of
Orientalists
In art history, literature, and cultural studies, Orientalism is the imitation or depiction of aspects of the Eastern world (or "Orient") by writers, designers, and artists from the Western world. Orientalist painting, particularly of the Middle ...
" in
Rome
Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...
. In 1936, he began teaching at the
School of Oriental Studies
The School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS University of London; ) is a public research university in London, England, and a member institution of the federal University of London. Founded in 1916, SOAS is located in the Bloomsbury area ...
(now
SOAS
The School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS University of London; ) is a public research university in London, England, and a member institution of the federal University of London. Founded in 1916, SOAS is located in the Bloomsbury area ...
),
University of London
The University of London (UoL; abbreviated as Lond or more rarely Londin in Post-nominal letters, post-nominals) is a collegiate university, federal Public university, public research university located in London, England, United Kingdom. The ...
, and later at
University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge is a Public university, public collegiate university, collegiate research university in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1209, the University of Cambridge is the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, wo ...
during its wartime relocation.
In October 1941, he was appointed Iranian ambassador to the United Kingdom. He also served as Chairman of the Iranian delegation to the
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is the Earth, global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the stated purpose of maintaining international peace and internationa ...
regarding the Azerbaijan issue. In 1945, he submitted a formal protest to the United Nations concerning the Russian occupation of Tabriz.
October 1947: Elected deputy from Tabriz to the Fifteenth Majles. Was Chairman of the Iranian Board at the Congress of Orientalists (
Cambridge
Cambridge ( ) is a List of cities in the United Kingdom, city and non-metropolitan district in the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It is the county town of Cambridgeshire and is located on the River Cam, north of London. As of the 2021 Unit ...
, United Kingdom), Chairman of the Iranian Board at International Congress of
Avicenna
Ibn Sina ( – 22 June 1037), commonly known in the West as Avicenna ( ), was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian peoples, Iranian ...
(
Baghdad
Baghdad ( or ; , ) is the capital and List of largest cities of Iraq, largest city of Iraq, located along the Tigris in the central part of the country. With a population exceeding 7 million, it ranks among the List of largest cities in the A ...
), Chairman of International Congress of Avicenna (
Tehran
Tehran (; , ''Tehrân'') is the capital and largest city of Iran. It is the capital of Tehran province, and the administrative center for Tehran County and its Central District (Tehran County), Central District. With a population of around 9. ...
).
In October 1947, he was elected deputy from Tabriz to the Fifteenth Majles and chaired the Iranian delegations to the Congress of Orientalists in
Cambridge
Cambridge ( ) is a List of cities in the United Kingdom, city and non-metropolitan district in the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It is the county town of Cambridgeshire and is located on the River Cam, north of London. As of the 2021 Unit ...
, and the Avicenna Congresses in
Baghdad
Baghdad ( or ; , ) is the capital and List of largest cities of Iraq, largest city of Iraq, located along the Tigris in the central part of the country. With a population exceeding 7 million, it ranks among the List of largest cities in the A ...
and
Tehran
Tehran (; , ''Tehrân'') is the capital and largest city of Iran. It is the capital of Tehran province, and the administrative center for Tehran County and its Central District (Tehran County), Central District. With a population of around 9. ...
.
From 1949 to 1967, he served as a senator and later as Chairman of the Senate. In 1954, he became a scientific adviser and board member of the Translation Institution and Book Publication, and also participated in the International Congress of Orientalists in Cambridge.
In 1957, he chaired the Iranian delegation to the Congress of Orientalists in
Munich
Munich is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria, Germany. As of 30 November 2024, its population was 1,604,384, making it the third-largest city in Germany after Berlin and Hamburg. Munich is the largest city in Germany that is no ...
and taught at
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ...
in the United States. In 1958, he became Chairman of the Iranian Society of Philosophy and Humanities and contributed to the establishment of an offset printing-house.
In 1966, he chaired the first International Congress of Iranists in Tehran.
He died in Tehran on 28 January 1970.
See also
*
Howard Baskerville
Howard Conklin Baskerville (10 April 1885 – 19 April 1909) was an American missionary teacher. His life ambition was to become a pastor. He worked as a teacher employed by the American missionaries at the American Memorial School in Tabriz, ...
(1885–1909), the "American
Lafayette in Iran".
*
Abdolhossein Teymourtash
Abdolhossein Teymourtash (; 25 September 1883 – 3 October 1933) was an influential Iranian statesman who served as the first minister of court of the Pahlavi dynasty from 1925 to 1932, and is credited with playing a crucial role in laying the ...
*
List of Iranian senators
*
List of ambassadors of Iran to the United Kingdom
This is a list of Iranian ambassadors to the United Kingdom.
*1608, Robert Shirley and Nakd Ali Beg
*1809–1810, Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchi
*1810, Set Khan Astvatsatourian
*1839, Mirza Hossein Khan Moghaddam (Great Britain r ...
*
Revival Party
Revival Party or Modernity Party () was a secular progressive political party in Persia/Iran during 1920s. The party had also liberal and nationalist tendencies and supported Reza Khan and helped him become the new Shah of Iran while holding majo ...
Notes
References
* Sepehr H. Joussefi, ''Seyyed Hasan Taqizadeh: a Political Biography in the Context of Iranian Modernization'', Master Thesis (
University of Utrecht
Utrecht University (UU; , formerly ''Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht'') is a public research university in Utrecht, Netherlands. Established , it is one of the oldest universities in the Netherlands. In 2023, it had an enrollment of 39,769 students, a ...
,
The Netherlands
, Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...
, 1998)
* Nikki R. Keddie, with a section by
Yann Richard
Yann Richard, born in 1948 in Joncy (Saône-et-Loire), France, professor emeritus of the Sorbonne nouvelle (Paris) is a specialist of modern Shiʿism, the history of contemporary Iran as well as Persian literature
Persian literature com ...
, ''Modern Iran: Roots and results of revolution'', revised and updated edition (
Yale University
Yale University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701, Yale is the List of Colonial Colleges, third-oldest institution of higher education in the United Stat ...
Press,
New Haven
New Haven is a city of the U.S. state of Connecticut. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of Long Island Sound. With a population of 135,081 as determined by the 2020 U.S. census, New Haven is the third largest city in Co ...
, 2003).
* A locust's leg. ''Studies in honour of S. H. Taqizadeh'', pp. vii and 250 (Percy Lund, Humphries & Co., Ltd., London, 1962). For a review of this work see: M. J. Dresden, ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 260–262 (1965)
Further reading
*
Ahmad Kasravi
Ahmad Hokmabadi Tabrizi (; 29 September 1890 – 11 March 1946), later known as Ahmad Kasravi, was a pre-eminent Iranian historian, jurist, linguist, theologian, a staunch secularist and intellectual. He was a professor of law at the University ...
, ''Tarikh-e Mashruteh-ye Iran'' (تاریخ مشروطهٔ ایران) (History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution), in Persian, 951 p. (Negāh Publications, Tehran, 2003), . Note: This book is also available in two volumes, published by ''Amir Kabir Publications'' in 1984. ''Amir Kabir's'' 1961 edition is in one volume, 934 pages.
* Ahmad Kasravi, ''History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution: Tarikh-e Mashrute-ye Iran'', Volume I, translated into English by Evan Siegel, 347 p. (Mazda Publications, Costa Mesa, California, 2006).
*
Mehdi Malekzādeh, ''Tārikh-e Enqelāb-e Mashrutiyyat-e Iran'' (تاريخ انقلاب مشروطيت ايران) (The History of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran), in 7 volumes, published in 3 volumes, 1697 p. (Sokhan Publications, Tehran, 2004 – 1383
AH).
Note: Mehdi Malekzādeh is son of the Constitutional revolutionary Mirzā Nasr'ollah Beheshti, best known as ''
Malek al-Motakallemin'' (King of Orators).(For the time being consult the biography of
Mirza Jahangir Khan
Mirzā Jahāngir Khān (; , Shiraz — June 23, 1908, Tehran), also known as Mirzā Jahāngir Khān Shirāzi and Jahāngir-Khān-e Sūr-e-Esrāfil, was an Iranian peoples, Iranian writer and intellectual, and a revolutionary during the Iranian ...
.)
* Mangol Bayat, ''Iran’s First Revolution: Shi’ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1909'', Studies in Middle Eastern History, 336 p. (Oxford University Press, 1991).
* John Foran, ''The Strengths and Weaknesses of Iran’s Populist Alliance: A Class Analysis of the Constitutional Revolution of 1905 - 1911'', Theory and Society, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 795–823 (December 1991)
JSTOR
Books by Taqizadeh
* S. H. Taqizadeh, ''Old Iranian Calendars'' (Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1938). , .
* Payam Nabarz, and S. H. Taqizadeh, ''The Persian 'Mar Nameh': The
Zoroaster
Zarathushtra Spitama, more commonly known as Zoroaster or Zarathustra, was an Iranian peoples, Iranian religious reformer who challenged the tenets of the contemporary Ancient Iranian religion, becoming the spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism ...
ian 'Book of the Snake', Omens and Calendar and The Old Iranian Calendar'' (Twin Serpents,
Oxford
Oxford () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town.
The city is home to the University of Oxford, the List of oldest universities in continuou ...
, 2006). , .
External links
* Sepehr H. Joussefi, ''Seyyed Hasan Taqizadeh: a Political Biography in the Context of Iranian Modernization'', Master Thesis (University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1988)
* S. H. Taqizadeh, ''Old Iranian Calendars'' (Printed and published under the patronage of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1938)
* A short biography of S. H. Taqizadeh in Persian
* ''Images of Revolution. The Constitutionalist Revolution: 1906-1909.'
{{DEFAULTSORT:Taqizadeh, Hassan
1878 births
1970 deaths
Iranian Shia clerics
Iranian critics of religions
Government ministers of Iran
Presidents of the Senate of Iran
People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution
Liberalism in Iran
Politicians from Tabriz
Ambassadors of Iran to the United Kingdom
Ambassadors of Iran to France
Democrat Party (Persia) politicians
Revival Party politicians
Deputies of Tabriz for National Consultative Assembly
Members of the 1st Iranian Majlis
Members of the 2nd Iranian Majlis
Members of the 3rd Iranian Majlis
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century Iranian politicians