Hartman Ikarus

__NOTOC__

The ''Ikarus'' was a human-powered ornithopter, designed by the sculptor and designer Emiel Hartman in the late 1950s.

Development

The ornithopter was a high-wing monoplane, with the pilot seated in a recumbent position. Its construction followed conventional glider practice of the time. The fuselage had a bulkhead construction, covered in thin plywood. The wings featured a torsion-box spar and leading edge arrangement, and were also made from thin plywood. A series of 30 'feathers', covered in madapollam cotton were attached aft of the spar, and were able to individually bend and twist as the wings were flapped. The wings could be flapped through an arc of 30° dihedral to 10° anhedral, via a parallelogram structure which the pilot could operate using leg and arm power, with a rowing-like action. Bungee cords were integrated into the drive mechanism, to absorb and release energy as needed. It was expected that the wings would flap at 30 beats per minute. The craft featured a conventional empennage, with the pilot being able to control the elevator and rudder. There was no provision for lateral control. There was a tricycle undercarriage, with a steerable nosewheel.

Design of the ornithopter began in February 1958, with Hartman seeking advice from a number of aviation organisations and consultants. Construction commenced in August, with the work being undertaken by the glider constructor Don Campbell of Hungerford, Berkshire. The craft was completed by August 1959, with initial taxi trials being undertaken in September. In mid-October, the ''Ikarus'' was delivered to Cranfield Airport for further tests.

Testing

Flight testing commenced on Sunday, 1 November 1959, with Hartman acting as pilot. Non-flapping flights were made, towed behind an automobile. During a subsequent towed flight, conducted on Wednesday, 4 November, at an altitude of , Hartman experienced control difficulties due to a crosswind, landed heavily and incurred a ground loop, which damaged the port wing.

In 1964, it was reported that the ''Ikarus'' was still in storage at the College of Aeronautics, at Cranfield, with no further flight attempts having been made. The project (including design, drawing, and construction) was said to have involved 4,624 hours worth of work, and to have cost £2,450.

Patents

*
*

Specifications

See also

References

{{reflist, refs=

{{cite journal , editor1-last=Laidlaw-Dickson , editor1-first=D.J. , editor2-last=Moulton , editor2-first=R.G. , journal=Aeronautical Annual 1964-65 , date=1964 , author1=Karl Herzog , translator1=Dick Hirdes, title=Flapping wing flight in nature and science, publisher=Model Aeronautical Press , location=Watford, Herts, UK , pages=44-57

{{cite journal , editor1-last=Laidlaw-Dickson , editor1-first=D.J., editor2-last=Moulton , editor2-first=R.G., author1-link=Ron Moulton, journal=Aeronautical Annual 1964-65 , date=1964 , author1=R.G. Moulton , title=Muscle Power, publisher=Model Aeronautical Press , location=Watford, Herts, UK , pages=58-63, 137

{{cite magazine, editor-last=Smith , editor-first=Maurice A., date=13 November 1959, title=Sport and Business, magazine=Flight , location=London, UK, publisher=Iliffe & Sons Ltd, volume=76, number=2644, page=557

{{cite book, last=Reay , first=D.A. , date=1977 , title=The history of man-powered flight , location=Oxford, England , publisher=Pergamon Press Ltd , pages=181–182 , isbn=0080217389

{{cite magazine, last=Campbell , first=Don, date=December 1959, title=The Hartman Ornithopter, magazine=Sailplane and Gliding, location=London, UK, publisher=The British Gliding Association , volume=X , number=6, pages=333-334, back cover, issn=

1950s British experimental aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1959
Human-powered aircraft
Ornithopters
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear