Haplogroup U is a

human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Understanding the evo ...

(mtDNA). The clade arose from haplogroup R, likely during the early

Upper Paleolithic The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. Very broadly, it dates to between 50,000 and 12,000 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene), according to some theories ...

. Its various subclades (labelled U1–U9, diverging over the course of the Upper Paleolithic) are found widely distributed across Northern and

Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural and socio-economic connotations. Its eastern boundary is marked by the Ural Mountain ...

, Central,

Western Western may refer to: Places *Western, Nebraska, a village in the US *Western, New York, a town in the US *Western Creek, Tasmania, a locality in Australia *Western Junction, Tasmania, a locality in Australia *Western world, countries that id ...

and

South Asia South Asia is the southern Subregion#Asia, subregion of Asia that is defined in both geographical and Ethnicity, ethnic-Culture, cultural terms. South Asia, with a population of 2.04 billion, contains a quarter (25%) of the world's populatio ...

, as well as

North Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...

, the

Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (HoA), also known as the Somali Peninsula, is a large peninsula and geopolitical region in East Africa.Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guilford Press; 2004), ...

, and the

Canary Islands The Canary Islands (; ) or Canaries are an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean and the southernmost Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous Community of Spain. They are located in the northwest of Africa, with the closest point to the cont ...

Origins

Haplogroup U descends from the haplogroup R mtDNA branch of the phylogenetic tree. The defining mutations (A11467G, A12308G, G12372A) are estimated to have arisen between 43,000 and 50,000 years ago, in the early

(around 46,530 ± 3,290 years before present, with a 95% confidence interval per Behar et al., 2012).

Ancient DNA Ancient DNA (aDNA) is DNA isolated from ancient sources (typically Biological specimen, specimens, but also environmental DNA). Due to degradation processes (including Crosslinking of DNA, cross-linking, deamination and DNA fragmentation, fragme ...

classified as belonging to the U* mitochondrial haplogroup has been recovered from human skeletal remains found in Western Siberia, which have been dated to c. 45,000 years ago. The mitogenome (33-fold coverage) of the Peştera Muierii 1 individual (PM1) from

Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...

(35 ky cal BP) has been identified as the basal haplogroup U6* not previously found in any ancient or present-day humans.. Haplogroup U has been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the

Epipaleolithic In archaeology, the Epipalaeolithic or Epipaleolithic (sometimes Epi-paleolithic etc.) is a period occurring between the Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic during the Stone Age. Mesolithic also falls between these two periods, and the two are someti ...

at the

Taforalt Taforalt, or Grotte des Pigeons, is a cave in the province of Berkane, Aït Iznasen region, Morocco, possibly the oldest cemetery in North Africa. It contained at least 34 Iberomaurusian adolescent and adult human skeletons, as well as young ...

and Afalou prehistoric sites. Among the Taforalt individuals, around 13% of the observed haplotypes belonged to various U subclades, including U4a2b (1/24; 4%), U4c1 (1/24; 4%), and U6d3 (1/24; 4%). A further 41% of the analysed haplotypes could be assigned to either haplogroup U or haplogroup H. Among the Afalou individuals, 44% of the analysed haplotypes could be assigned to either haplogroup U or haplogroup H (3/9; 33%). Haplogroup U has also been observed among

ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt () was a cradle of civilization concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in Northeast Africa. It emerged from prehistoric Egypt around 3150BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology), when Upper and Lower E ...

ian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, dated to the 1st millennium BC, 13 of the 90 mummies bearing haplgroup U (U carriers all of the late period) and various subclades of it, U, U1,U3,U5,U6,U7 and U8. and in a separate study, DNA extracted from a tooth the mummified head of a much older mummy of about 4,000 years ago Djehutynakht of the very end of the 11th or early 12th Dynasty who belonged to mtDNA haplogroup U5b2b5 (with no exact matches found in a modern population of U5 carriers) from a 2018 article by Odile Loreille et al. The first European lineage of haplogroup U in Iron Age Central China is represented by Chieftain Yu Hong (North China, 533–592 AD). Additionally, haplogroup U has been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in

Gran Canaria Gran Canaria (, ; ), also Grand Canary Island, is the third-largest and second-most-populous island of the Canary Islands, a Spain, Spanish archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa. the island had a population of that constitut ...

and

Tenerife Tenerife ( ; ; formerly spelled ''Teneriffe'') is the largest and most populous island of the Canary Islands, an Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Spain. With a land area of and a population of 965,575 inhabitants as of A ...

on the

, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. All of the clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with these specimens found to belong to the U6b1a (4/7; 57%) and U6b (1/7; 14%) subclades.

Distribution

Haplogroup U is found in 15% of Indian caste and 8% of Indian tribal populations. Haplogroup U is found in approximately 11% of native Europeans and is held as the oldest maternal haplogroup found in that region. In a 2013 study, all but one of the ancient modern human sequences from Europe belonged to maternal haplogroup U, thus confirming previous findings that haplogroup U was the dominant type of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Europe before the spread of agriculture into Europe from the Near East. Haplogroup U has various subclades numbered U1 to U9. Haplogroup K is a subclade of U8. The old age has led to a wide distribution of the descendant subgroups across Western Eurasia, North Africa, and South Asia. Some subclades of haplogroup U have a more specific geographic range.

Subclades

Subclades are labelled U1–U9; Haplogroup K is a subclade of U8. Van Oven and Kayser (2009) proposed subclades "U2'3'4'7'8" and "U4'9". Behar et al. (2012) amended this by grouping "U4'9" as subordinate to "U2'3'4'7'8" for a new intermediate subclade "U2'3'4'7'8'9".

Haplogroup U

Basal U was found in the 26,000 years old remains of Ancient North Eurasian, Mal'ta boy (MA1).

Haplogroup U1

The U1 subclades are: U1a (with deep-subclades U1a1, U1a1a, U1a1a1, U1a1b) and U1b. Haplogroup U1 estimated to have arisen between 26,000 and 37,000 years ago. It is found at very low frequency throughout Europe. It is more often observed in eastern Europe, Anatolia and the Near East. It is also found at low frequencies in India. U1 is found in the Svanetia region of Georgia at 4.2%. Subclade U1a is found from India to Europe, but is extremely rare among the northern and Atlantic fringes of Europe including the British Isles and Scandinavia. In India, U1a has been found in the

Kerala Kerala ( , ) is a States and union territories of India, state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile ...

region. U1b has a similar spread but is rarer than U1a. A variety of subclade U1b1 with the mutations G14070A! and A3426G is found in

Ashkenazi Jews Ashkenazi Jews ( ; also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim) form a distinct subgroup of the Jewish diaspora, that emerged in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium CE. They traditionally speak Yiddish, a language ...

. Subclades U1a and U1b appear in equal frequency in eastern Europe. The rare U1 clade is also found among

Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Alger ...

ns in

Oran Oran () is a major coastal city located in the northwest of Algeria. It is considered the second most important city of Algeria, after the capital, Algiers, because of its population and commercial, industrial and cultural importance. It is w ...

(0.83%-1.08%) and the Reguibat tribe of the Sahrawi (0.93%). The U1a1a subclade has been observed in an ancient individual excavated at the Kellis 2 cemetery in the Dakleh Oasis, located in the southwestern desert of Egypt. 21 of the Kellis burials have been radiocarbon-dated to around 80-445 AD, a timeframe within the Romano-Christian period. Haplogroup U1 has also been found among specimens at the mainland cemetery in Kulubnarti,

Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...

, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550-800). DNA analysis of excavated remains now located at ruins of the Church of St. Augustine in Goa,

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

have also revealed the unique mtDNA subclade U1b. This sublineage is absent in India, but present in

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the South Caucasus * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the southeastern United States Georgia may also refer to: People and fictional characters * Georgia (name), a list of pe ...

and surrounding regions. Since the genetic analysis corroborates archaeological and literary evidence, it is believed that the excavated remains belong to Ketevan the Martyr, queen of Georgia. * U1 ** U1a *** U1a1 **** U1a1a ***** U1a1a1 ****** U1a1a1a ***** U1a1a2 ***** U1a1a-G16129A! ****** U1a1a3 **** U1a1b **** U1a1c ***** U1a1c1 ****** U1a1c1a ****** U1a1c1b ****** U1a1c1c ******* U1a1c1c1 ****** U1a1c1d ******* U1a1c1d1 **** U1a1d *** U1a2 *** U1a3 ** U1b *** U1b1 *** U1b2 *** U1b3

Haplogroup U5

The age of U5 is estimated at between 25,000 and 35,000 years old, roughly corresponding to the

Gravettian The Gravettian is an archaeological industry of the European Upper Paleolithic that succeeded the Aurignacian circa 33,000 years BP. It is archaeologically the last European culture many consider unified, and had mostly disappeared by ...

culture. Approximately 11% of Europeans (10% of European-Americans) have some variant of haplogroup U5. The haplogroup most likely originated in Europe. U5 was the predominant mtDNA of mesolithic Western Hunter Gatherers (WHG). U5 has been found in human remains dating from the Mesolithic in England, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, France and Spain. Neolithic skeletons (~7,000 years old) that were excavated from the Avellaner cave in

Catalonia Catalonia is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a ''nationalities and regions of Spain, nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006, Statute of Autonomy. Most of its territory (except the Val d'Aran) is situate ...

, northeastern

Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...

included a specimen carrying haplogroup U5. Haplogroup U5 and its subclades U5a and U5b today form the highest population concentrations in the far north, among

Sami Acronyms * SAMI, ''Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange'', a closed-captioning format developed by Microsoft * Saudi Arabian Military Industries, a government-owned defence company * South African Malaria Initiative, a virtual expertise ne ...

Finns Finns or Finnish people (, ) are a Baltic Finns, Baltic Finnic ethnic group native to Finland. Finns are traditionally divided into smaller regional groups that span several countries adjacent to Finland, both those who are native to these cou ...

, and

Estonians Estonians or Estonian people () are a Finnic ethnic group native to the Baltic Sea region in Northern Europe, primarily their nation state of Estonia. Estonians primarily speak the Estonian language, a language closely related to other Finni ...

. However, it is spread widely at lower levels throughout Europe. This distribution, and the age of the haplogroup, indicate individuals belonging to this clade were part of the initial expansion tracking the retreat of ice sheets from Europe around 10,000 years ago. The modern

Basques The Basques ( or ; ; ; ) are a Southwestern European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a Basque culture, common culture and shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians. Basques are indigenous peoples, ...

and Cantabrians possess almost exclusively U5b lineages (U5b1f, U5b1c1, U5b2). Additionally, haplogroup U5 is found in small frequencies and at much lower diversity in the Near East and parts of northern Africa (areas with sizable U6 concentrations), suggesting back-migration of people from Europe toward the south. Mitochondrial haplogroup U5a has also been associated with HIV infected individuals displaying accelerated progression to

AIDS The HIV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system. Without treatment, it can lead to a spectrum of conditions including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is a Preventive healthcare, pr ...

and death. U5 was the main haplogroup of

Mesolithic The Mesolithic (Ancient Greek language, Greek: μέσος, ''mesos'' 'middle' + λίθος, ''lithos'' 'stone') or Middle Stone Age is the Old World archaeological period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic. The term Epipaleolithic i ...

European hunter gatherers. U haplogroups were present at 83% in European hunter gatherers before influx of Middle Eastern farmer and steppe Indo-European ancestry decreased its frequency to less than 21%. * U5 ** U5a'b *** U5a arose around 17,000 and 27,000 years ago **** U5a1 arose between 14,000 and 20,000 years ago. Found in an Etruscan individual (700-600 B.C.) from southern Etruria,

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

. ***** U5a1-T16192C! ****** U5a1a arose between 8,000 and 16,000 years ago ******* U5a1a1 arose between 3,000 and 11,000 years ago ******** U5a1a1-T152C! ********* U5a1a1a arose less than 6,000 years ago ********* U5a1a1b arose around between 600 and 6,000 years ago ********* U5a1a1h ******** U5a1a1c ******** U5a1a1-T16362C ********* U5a1a1d arose less than 4,300 years ago ********** U5a1a1d1 ******** U5a1a1e ******** U5a1a1g ******** U5a1a1i ******* U5a1a2 arose between 7,000 and 14,000 years ago ******** U5a1a2a arose less than 5,400 years ago ********* U5a1a2a1 arose less than 3,400 years ago ********** U5a1a2a1a ******** U5a1a2b ********* U5a1a2b1 ****** U5a1g ******* U5a1g1 ******* U5a1g2 ******** U5a1b arose between 6,000 and 11,000 years ago ********* U5a1b1 arose between 5,000 and 9,000 years ago ********** U5a1b1a arose between 2,500 and 7,500 years ago *********** U5a1b1a1 arose less than 4,000 years ago *********** U5a1b1a2 *********** U5a1b1a1 ********** U5a1b1b arose less than 8,000 years ago *********** U5a1b1b1 ********** U5a1b1c arose between 3,000 and 7,000 years ago *********** U5a1b1c1 arose less than 5,000 years ago *********** U5a1b1c2 arose less than 5,000 years ago ********** U5a1b1d *********** U5a1b1d-T16093C ************ U5a1b1d1 ********** U5a1b1e ********** U5a1b1f ********** U5a1b1g ********** U5a1b1h ********* U5a1b2 ********* U5a1b-T16362C ********** U5a1b3 *********** U5a1b3a ************ U5a1b3a1 ********** U5a1b4 ***** U5a1c ****** U5a1c1 ******* U5a1c1a ****** U5a1c2 ******* U5a1c2a ******** U5a1c2a1 ***** U5a1d arose around 19000 years ago ****** U5a1d1 ****** U5a1d2 ******* U5a1d2a ******** U5a1d2a1 ******* U5a1d2b ***** U5a1e ***** U5a1f ****** U5a1f1 ******* U5a1f1a ******** U5a1f1a1 ****** U5a1f2 ***** U5a1h ***** U5a1i ****** U5a1i1 ***** U5a1j **** U5a2 arose around 14000 years ago ***** U5a2-C16294T ****** U5a2a arose around 6000 years ago. It has been found in an ancient Mesolithic sample (6000-5000 cal BCE) from the Cave of Santimamiñe in the Basque Country,

. ******* U5a2a1 ******** U5a2a1a ******** U5a2a1b ********* U5a2a1b1 ******** U5a2a1c ******** U5a2a1d ******** U5a2a1-T152C! ********* U5a2a1e ******* U5a2a2 ******** U5a2a2a ***** U5a2b arose around 8000 years ago ****** U5a2b1 ******* U5a2b1a ******* U5a2b1b ******* U5a2b1c ******* U5a2b1d ****** U5a2b2 ******* U5a2b2a ******** U5a2b2a1 ****** U5a2b3 ******* U5a2b3a ******** U5a2b3a1 ****** U5a2b4 ******* U5a2b4a ****** U5a2b5 ***** U5a2c arose around 13000 years ago ****** U5a2c1 ****** U5a2c2 ****** U5a2c3 ******* U5a2c3a ****** U5a2c4 ***** U5a2d found at the Mesolithic Huseby Klev site in western Sweden ****** U5a2d1 ******* U5a2d1a ***** U5a2-T16362C ****** U5a2e *** U5b arose between 19,000 and 26,000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 150 7768 14182 ( + U5 polymorphisms). Found among Siwa Berbers of the

Siwa Oasis The Siwa Oasis ( ) is an urban oasis in Egypt. It is situated between the Qattara Depression and the Great Sand Sea in the Western Desert (Egypt), Western Desert, east of the Egypt–Libya border and from the Egyptian capital city of Cairo. I ...

. **** U5b1 arose between 11,000 and 20,000 years ago. The Cheddar Man from Great Britain is a well known specimen. ***** U5b1a ***** U5b1-T16189C! ****** U5b1b has been found in Saami of Scandinavia, Finnish and the Berbers of North Africa, which were found to share an extremely young branch, aged merely ~9,000 years. U5b1b was also found in Fulbe and Papel people in

Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, is a country in West Africa that covers with an estimated population of 2,026,778. It borders Senegal to Guinea-Bissau–Senegal border, its north and Guinea to Guinea–Guinea-Bissau b ...

and

Yakuts The Yakuts or Sakha (, ; , ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to North Siberia, primarily the Republic of Sakha in the Russian Federation. They also inhabit some districts of the Krasnoyarsk Krai. They speak Yakut, which belongs to the Si ...

people of northeastern

Siberia Siberia ( ; , ) is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its predecessor states ...

. It arose around 11000 years ago. ******* U5b1b1 ******** U5b1b1-T16192C! ********* U5b1b1a ********** U5b1b1a1 *********** U5b1b1a1a ************ U5b1b1a1a1 *********** U5b1b1a1b ********** U5b1b1a2 ********** U5b1b1a3 ********* U5b1b1b A principal element in the maternal western eurasian lineages in

Puerto Rico ; abbreviated PR), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a Government of Puerto Rico, self-governing Caribbean Geography of Puerto Rico, archipelago and island organized as an Territories of the United States, unincorporated territo ...

, matching with samples from Senegambia and northern Cameroon indicating its presence as a product of early colonization and enslavement of Senegambians. ********* U5b1b1-T152C! ********** U5b1b1e ********* U5b1b1g ********** U5b1b1g1 *********** U5b1b1g1a ******* U5b1b2 ******** U5b1b2a ******** U5b1b2b ***** U5b1c arose about 13,000 years ago ****** U5b1c1 ******* U5b1c1a ******** U5b1c1a1 ****** U5b1c2 ******* U5b1c2a ******* U5b1c2b ***** U5b1-T16189C!-T16192C! ****** U5b1e arose about 6600 years ago. U5b1e is mainly seen in central Europe among Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians and southern Russians. ******* U5b1e1 ******** U5b1e1a ****** U5b1h ***** U5b1d ****** U5b1d1 ******* U5b1d1a ******* U5b1d1b ******* U5b1d1c ****** U5b1d2 ***** U5b1f ****** U5b1f1 ******* U5b1f1a ***** U5b1g ***** U5b1i **** U5b2 arose between 17,000 and 23,000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 1721 13637( + U5b polymorphisms). The clade has been found in remains dating from prehistoric times in Europe, such as the subclade U5b2c1 of La Braña man (found at the La Braña site in Spain). U5b2 is rare among French Basques (2.5%) and more frequent in the Spanish Basques. ***** U5b2a between 12,000 and 19,000 years ago, prevalent in Central Europe. ****** U5b2a1 between 9,000 and 18,000 years ago ******* U5b2a1a ******** U5b2a1a-T16311C! ********* U5b2a1a1 ********** U5b2a1a1a ********** U5b2a1a1b ********** U5b2a1a1d ******** U5b2a1a2 ******* U5b2a1b ****** U5b2a2 between 7,000 and 14,000 years ago ******* U5b2a2a ******** U5b2a2a1 ******** U5b2a2a2 ******* U5b2a2b ******** U5b2a2b1 ******* U5b2a2c ****** U5b2a3 between 3,000 and 14,000 years ago ******* U5b2a3a ****** U5b2a-T16192C! ******* U5b2a4 between 1,000 and 10,000 years ago ******** U5b2a4a ******* U5b2a5 less than 2,600 years ago ******** U5b2a5a ******* U5b2a6 less than 12,000 years ago ***** U5b2b between 12,000 and 17,000 years ago. The clade was notably linked to Neve, who, at the time of her discovery, was the oldest identified female infant burial in Europe, carbon-dated to around 10,000 years ago. ****** U5b2b1 ******* U5b2b1a ******** U5b2b1a1 ******** U5b2b1a2 ******* U5b2b1b ****** U5b2b2 ****** U5b2b3 ******* U5b2b3a ******** U5b2b3a1 ********* U5b2b3a1a ******* U5b2b3b ****** U5b2b4 ******* U5b2b4a ****** U5b2b5 ***** U5b2c between 7,000 and 18,000 years ago. ****** U5b2c1 less than 8,000 years ago. Found in a

Phoenicia Phoenicians were an Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples, ancient Semitic group of people who lived in the Phoenician city-states along a coastal strip in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily modern Lebanon and the Syria, Syrian ...

n individual from a

Carthage Carthage was an ancient city in Northern Africa, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Carthage was one of the most important trading hubs of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the classic ...

tomb in Byrsa,

Tunisia Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia also shares m ...

. ****** U5b2c2 less than 3,000 years ago. Has the main relationship with the young phoenician man of Byrsa. ******* U5b2c2a ******* U5b2c2b ****** U5b2c3 less than 3,350 years ago. Has the main relationship with the young phoenician man of Byrsa. U5b2c3 is frequent in

Aragon Aragon ( , ; Spanish and ; ) is an autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. In northeastern Spain, the Aragonese autonomous community comprises three provinces of Spain, ...

, Spain. ******* U5b2c3a less than 3,300 years ago. **** U5b3 The subclade likely originates in the Italian peninsula; it is at its highest distribution in southwestern Europe, peaking amongst

Sardinians Sardinians or Sards are an Italians, Italian ethno-linguistic group and a nation indigenous to Sardinia, an island in the western Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean which is administratively an Regions of Italy#Autonomous regions with special st ...

(3.84%), followed by Balearic people (1.56%) and northern mainland Portuguese (1.09%). According to another study, U5b3 occurs at a frequency of 2.53% amongst

Majorca Mallorca, or Majorca, is the largest of the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain, and the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, seventh largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. The capital of the island, Palma, Majorca, Palma, i ...

ns and 0.96% amongst Sephardi Chuetas. ***** U5b3a ****** U5b3a1 ******* U5b3a1a ******* U5b3a1b ****** U5b3a2 ***** U5b3b this subclade is likely similarly western Mediterranean/Ibero-Italic in origin but spread to parts of northwestern and middle Europe through Roman expansion, with samples found in Crete (Greece),

Central Italy Central Italy ( or ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a first-level NUTS region with code ITI, and a European Parliament constituency. It has 11,704,312 inhabita ...

England England is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers about 62%, and List of islands of England, more than 100 smaller adjacent islands. It ...

, the German Palatinate, and

Bohemia Bohemia ( ; ; ) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. In a narrow, geographic sense, it roughly encompasses the territories of present-day Czechia that fall within the Elbe River's drainage basin, but historic ...

. ****** U5b3b1 ****** U5b3b2 ***** U5b3c ***** U5b3d ***** U5b3e ***** U5b3f ***** U5b3g ***** U5b3h

Haplogroup U6

Haplogroup U6 was dated to between 31,000 and 43,000 years ago by Behar et al. (2012). Basal U6* was found in a Romanian specimen of ancient DNA ( Peștera Muierilor) dated to 35,000 years ago. Hervella et al. (2016) take this find as evidence for Paleolithic back-migration of Homo sapiens from Eurasia into Africa. The discovery of basal U6* in ancient DNA contributed to setting back the estimated age of U6 to around 46,000 years ago. Usually U6 genetic history is envisioned as a migration from southwest Asia through North Africa. This hypothesis is based on the general origin of haplogroup U sub-clades in Southwest Asia, which is also the center of the geographical distribution of U sub-clades: Europe, India, Central Asia, East Africa and North Africa. Two possible scenarios for the first U6 haplotype (bearing mutations 3348 and 16172) can be advanced: i) these mutations aroused in the founder region but did not leave any genetic legacy in current human populations there; ii) they originated probably somewhere in North Africa, after the arrival of the U6 founder haplotype. Within North Africa U6 is only significantly frequent at its western edge (as well as in South-western Europe). More importantly, all the most basal branches are virtually restricted to that region (U6b, U6c and U6d), what could indicate its western origin. Nevertheless, it cannot be excluded the major sub-clade U6a, which shows a richness of sub-clades in Northwest Africa although a few of derivative branches also include sequences from East African and the Middle Eastern populations (e.g. U6a2). Haplogroup U6 is common (with a prevalence of around 10%) in

Northwest Africa The Maghreb (; ), also known as the Arab Maghreb () and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world. The region comprises western and central North Africa, including Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia. The Maghreb al ...

(with a maximum of 29% in an Algerian Mozabites) and the

(18% on average with a peak frequency of 50.1% in

La Gomera La Gomera () is one of Spain's Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa. With an area of , it is the third-smallest of the archipelago's eight main islands. It belongs to the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. La Gomer ...

). It is also found in the

Iberian peninsula The Iberian Peninsula ( ), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe. Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, comprisin ...

, where it has the highest diversity (10 out of 19 sublineages are only found in this region and not in Africa),

Northeast Africa Northeast Africa, or Northeastern Africa, or Northern East Africa as it was known in the past, encompasses the countries of Africa situated in and around the Red Sea. The region is intermediate between North Africa and East Africa, and encompasses ...

and occasionally in other locations. U6 is also found at low frequencies in the

Chad Basin The Chad Basin is the largest endorheic basin in Africa, centered approximately on Lake Chad. It has no outlet to the sea and contains large areas of semi-arid desert and savanna. The drainage basin is approximately coterminous with the sedimenta ...

, including the rare Canarian branch. This suggests that the ancient U6 clade bearers may have inhabited or passed through the Chad Basin on their way westward toward the Canary Islands. U6 is thought to have entered North Africa from the Near East around 30,000 years ago. It has been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the

at the

prehistoric site. In spite of the highest diversity of Iberian U6, Maca-Meyer argues for a Near East origin of this clade based on the highest diversity of subclade U6a in that region, where it would have arrived from West Asia, with the Iberian incidence primarily representing migration from the

Maghreb The Maghreb (; ), also known as the Arab Maghreb () and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world. The region comprises western and central North Africa, including Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia. The Maghreb al ...

and not persistence of a European root population. According to Hernández et al. 2015 "the estimated entrance of the North African U6 lineages into Iberia at 10 ky correlates well with other L African clades, indicating that U6 and some L lineages moved together from Africa to Iberia in the Early

Holocene The Holocene () is the current geologic time scale, geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago. It follows the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene to ...

." U6 has two main subclades: * U6a'b'd ** U6a subclade is the most widespread, stretching from the Canary Islands and Iberian Peninsula to the Horn of Africa and Near East. The subhaplogroup has its highest diversity in Northeast Africa. Ancient DNA analysis of Iberomaurusian skeletal remains at the

site in

Morocco Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to Algeria–Morocc ...

, which have been dated to the Later Stone Age between 15,100 and 13,900 ybp, observed the U6a subclade among most of the fossils (6/7; ~86%). Fossils at the Early Neolithic site of Ifri n'Amr or Moussa in Morocco, which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, have also been found to carry the U6a subhaplogroup. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Northwest African genomic component that peaks among modern

Berbers Berbers, or the Berber peoples, also known as Amazigh or Imazighen, are a diverse grouping of distinct ethnic groups indigenous to North Africa who predate the arrival of Arab migrations to the Maghreb, Arabs in the Maghreb. Their main connec ...

, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area. U6a's estimated age is 24-27,500 BP. It has six major subclades: *** U6a1 similar distribution to U6a parent clade; found particularly among

Copts Copts (; ) are a Christians, Christian ethnoreligious group, ethnoreligious group native to Northeast Africa who have primarily inhabited the area of modern Egypt since antiquity. They are, like the broader Egyptians, Egyptian population, des ...

(27.6%) and Beja (10.4%). Estimated age: 15-20,000 BP. **** U6a1a ***** U6a1a1 ***** U6a1a2 **** U6a1b ***** U6a1b1 ****** U6a1b1a ****** U6a1b1b ***** U6a1b2 ***** U6a1b3 ***** U6a1b4 *** U6a-T16189C! **** U6a-T16189C!-x ***** U6a2 ****** U6a2a ******* U6a2a1 ******* U6a2a2 ******** U6a2a2a ****** U6a2b ******* U6a2b1 ****** U6a2-T195C! ******* U6a2c ***** U6a8 ****** U6a8a ****** U6a8b **** U6a3 ***** U6a3a ****** U6a3a1 ******* U6a3a1a ****** U6a3a2 ******* U6a3a2a ***** U6a3-G185A ****** U6a3b ******* U6a3b1 ****** U6a3e ****** U6a3f ******* U6a3f1 ******* U6a3f2 ***** U6a3c ***** U6a3d ****** U6a3d1 ******* U6a3d1a *** U6a4 *** U6a5 **** U6a5a ***** U6a5a1 **** U6a5b **** U6a5c *** U6a6 **** U6a6a ***** U6a6a1 **** U6a6b ***** U6a6b1 ***** U6a6b2 *** U6a7 **** U6a7a ***** U6a7a1 ****** U6a7a1a ****** U6a7a1b ****** U6a7a1-C152T!! ******* U6a7a1c ***** U6a7a2 ****** U6a7a2a **** U6a7b ***** U6a7b1 **** U6a7c ***** U6a7c1 ** U6a'b'd-T16311C! *** U6b shows a more patched and western distribution. In the Iberian peninsula, U6b is more frequent in the north, whereas U6a is more common in the south. It has also been found at low frequencies in Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Nigeria. Estimated age: 8,500-24,500 BP. It has one subclade: **** U6b1 found only in the Canary Islands and in the Iberian peninsula. Estimated age: c. 6000 BP. ***** U6b1a ****** U6b1a1 ***** U6b1b **** U6b2 **** U6b3 ***** U6b3a *** U6d most closely related to U6b. Localized in the Maghreb, with a presence in Europe. It arose between 10,000 and 13,000 BP. **** U6d1 ***** U6d1a ***** U6d1b **** U6d2 **** U6d3 ***** U6d3a * U6c only found in Morocco and Canary Islands. Estimated age: 6,000-17,500 BP. ** U6c1 ** U6c2 U6a, U6b and U6d share a common basal mutation (16219) that is not present in U6c, whereas U6c has 11 unique mutations. U6b and U6d share a mutation (16311) not shared by U6a, which has three unique mutations.

U2'3'4'7'8'9

Subclades U2, U3, U4, U7, U8 and U9 are now thought to be monophyletic, their common ancestor "U2'3'4'7'8'9" defined by mutation A1811G, arising between about 42,000 and 48,000 years ago (Behar et al., 2012). Within U2'3'4'7'8'9, U4 and U9 may be monophyletic, as "U4'9" (mutations T195C!, G499A, T5999C) arising between 31,000 and 43,000 years ago (Behar et al., 2012). U2'3'4'7'8'9 was found in the remains of two 32,000 years old Ancient North Siberians (ANS) from the Yana RHS Site on river Yana.

Haplogroup U2

Haplogroup U2 is most common in

but is also found in low frequency in Central and West Asia, as well as in Europe as U2e (the European variety of U2 is named U2e). The overall frequency of U2 in South Asia is largely accounted for by the group U2i in India whereas haplogroup U2e, common in Europe, is rare; given that these lineages diverged approximately 50,000-years-ago, these data have been interpreted as indicating very low maternal-line gene-flow between South Asia and Europe throughout this period. Approximately one half of the U mtDNAs in India belong to the Indian-specific branches of haplogroup U2 (U2i: U2a, U2b and U2c). Haplogroup U2b2 has been found in the remains of a 4500 year old female excavated from the Rakhigarhi site of

Indus Valley civilisation The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Indus Civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation in the Northwestern South Asia, northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 Common Era, BCE to 1300 BCE, and in i ...

, in present day state of Haryana, India. While U2 is typically found in India, it is also present in the

Nogais The Nogais ( ) are a Kipchaks, Kipchak people who speak a Turkic languages, Turkic language and live in Southeastern Europe, North Caucasus, Volga region, Central Asia and Turkey. Most are found in Northern Dagestan and Stavropol Krai, as well ...

, descendants of various Mongolic and Turkic tribes, who formed the Nogai Horde. Both U2 and U4 are found in the Ket and

Nganasan people The Nganasans ( ; Nganasan: ''ŋənəhsa(nəh)'', ''ńæh'') are a Uralic people of the Samoyedic peoples, Samoyedic branch native to the Taymyr Peninsula in north Siberia. In the Russian Federation, they are recognized as one of the indigenou ...

s, the indigenous inhabitants of the

Yenisei River The Yenisey or Yenisei ( ; , ) is the list of rivers by length, fifth-longest river system in the world, and the largest to drain into the Arctic Ocean. Rising in Mungaragiyn-gol in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course through Lake Baikal a ...

basin and the

Taymyr Peninsula The Taymyr Peninsula ( ) is a peninsula in the Far North of Russia, in the Siberian Federal District, that forms the northernmost part of the mainland of Eurasia. Administratively it is part of the Krasnoyarsk Krai Federal subject of Russia. Ge ...

. The U2 subclades are: U2a, U2b, U2c, U2d, and U2e. With the India-specific subclades U2a, U2b, and U2c collectively referred to as U2i, the Eurasian haplogroup U2d appears to be a sister clade with the Indian haplogroup U2c, while U2e is considered a European-specific subclade but also found in South India. Haplogroup U2 has been found in the remains of a 37,000 and 30,000-year-old hunter-gatherer from the Kostyonki, Voronezh Oblast in Central-South European Russia., in 4800 to 4000-year-old human remains from a

Beaker culture The Bell Beaker culture, also known as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon, is an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell Beaker (archaeology), beaker drinking vessel used at the beginning of the European Bronze Age, ...

site of the

Late Neolithic In the Near Eastern archaeology, archaeology of Southwest Asia, the Late Neolithic, also known as the Ceramic Neolithic or Pottery Neolithic, is the final part of the Neolithic period, following on from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic and preceding th ...

in Kromsdorf Germany, and in 2,000-year-old human remains from Bøgebjerggård in Southern Denmark. However, haplogroup U2 is rare in present-day Scandinavians. The remains of a 2,000-year-old West Eurasian male of haplogroup U2e1 was found in the

Xiongnu The Xiongnu (, ) were a tribal confederation of Nomad, nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese historiography, Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Modu Chanyu, t ...

Cemetery of Northeast Mongolia. * U2 ** U2a *** U2a1 **** U2a1a **** U2a1b *** U2a2 ** U2b *** U2b1 **** U2b1a *** U2b2 ** U2-T152C! *** U2c'd **** U2c ***** U2c1 ****** U2c1a ****** U2c1b **** U2d ***** U2d1 ***** U2d2 ****** U2d2a ***** U2d3 *** U2e **** U2e1'2'3 ***** U2e1 ****** U2e1a ******* U2e1a1 ******** U2e1a1a ******** U2e1a1b ******** U2e1a1c ****** U2e1b ******* U2e1b1 ******* U2e1b2 ****** U2e1c ******* U2e1c1 ****** U2e1d ****** U2e1e ****** U2e1f ******* U2e1f1 ****** U2e1g ****** U2e1h ***** U2e2 ****** U2e2a ******* U2e2a1 ******** U2e2a1a ********* U2e2a1a1 ********* U2e2a1a2 ******** U2e2a1b ******** U2e2a1c ******** U2e2a1d ***** U2e3 ****** U2e3a

Haplogroup U3

Haplogroup U3 falls into two subclades:: U3a and U3b. Coalescence age for U3a is estimated as 18,000 to 26,000-years-ago while the coalescence age for U3b is estimated as 18,000 to 24,000-years-ago. U3a is found in Europe, the Near East, the Caucasus and North Africa. The almost-entirely European distributed subclade, U3a1, dated at 4000 to 7000-years-ago, suggests a relatively recent (late

or later) expansion of these lineages in Europe. There is a minor U3c subclade (derived from U3a), represented by a single Azeri mtDNA from the Caucasus. U3b is widespread across the Middle East and the Caucasus, and it is found especially in Iran, Iraq and Yemen, with a minor European subclade, U3b1b, dated at 2000 to 3000-years-ago. Haplogroup U3 is defined by the HVR1 transition A16343G. It is found at low levels throughout

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

(about 1% of the population), the

Near East The Near East () is a transcontinental region around the Eastern Mediterranean encompassing the historical Fertile Crescent, the Levant, Anatolia, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and coastal areas of the Arabian Peninsula. The term was invented in the 20th ...

(about 2.5% of the population), and

Central Asia Central Asia is a region of Asia consisting of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian language, Pers ...

(about 1% of the population). U3 is present in the Svan population from the

Svaneti Svaneti (Svan language, Svan: შუ̂ან, ლემშუ̂ანიერა; ''shwan, lemshwaniera'', and Suania in ancient sources; ka, სვანეთი ) is a historic province in the northwestern part of Georgia (country), Georg ...

region (about 4.2% of the population) and among Lithuanian Roma, Polish Roma, and Spanish Roma populations (36-56%) The U3 clade is also found among Mozabite

(10.59%), as well as

Egyptians Egyptians (, ; , ; ) are an ethnic group native to the Nile, Nile Valley in Egypt. Egyptian identity is closely tied to Geography of Egypt, geography. The population is concentrated in the Nile Valley, a small strip of cultivable land stretchi ...

in the El-Hayez (2.9%) and Gurna oases (2.9%), and

ns in

(1.08%-1.25%). The rare U3a subclade occurs among the

Tuareg The Tuareg people (; also spelled Twareg or Touareg; endonym, depending on variety: ''Imuhaɣ'', ''Imušaɣ'', ''Imašeɣăn'' or ''Imajeɣăn'') are a large Berber ethnic group, traditionally nomadic pastoralists, who principally inhabit th ...

inhabiting

Niger Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is a unitary state Geography of Niger#Political geography, bordered by Libya to the Libya–Niger border, north-east, Chad to the Chad–Niger border, east ...

(3.23%) and among

Somalis The Somali people (, Wadaad's writing, Wadaad: , Arabic: ) are a Cushitic peoples, Cushitic ethnic group and nation native to the Somali Peninsula. who share a common ancestry, culture and history. The Lowland East Cushitic languages, East ...

(1.6%). Haplogroup U3 has been found in some of the 6400-year-old remains (U3a) discovered in the caves at Wadi El-Makkukh near

Jericho Jericho ( ; , ) is a city in the West Bank, Palestine, and the capital of the Jericho Governorate. Jericho is located in the Jordan Valley, with the Jordan River to the east and Jerusalem to the west. It had a population of 20,907 in 2017. F ...

associated with the

Chalcolithic The Chalcolithic ( ) (also called the Copper Age and Eneolithic) was an archaeological period characterized by the increasing use of smelted copper. It followed the Neolithic and preceded the Bronze Age. It occurred at different periods in di ...

period. Haplogroup U3 was already present in the West Eurasian gene pool around 6,000-years-ago and probably also its subclade U3a as well. * U3 ** U3a'c *** U3a **** U3a1 ***** U3a1a ****** U3a1a1 ***** U3a1b ***** U3a1c ****** U3a1c1 **** U3a2 ***** U3a2a ****** U3a2a1 ******* U3a2a1a **** U3a3 *** U3c ** U3b *** U3b1 **** U3b1a ***** U3b1a1 **** U3b1b *** U3b2 **** U3b2a ***** U3b2a1 ****** U3b2a1a **** U3b2b **** U3b2c *** U3b3

Haplogroup U4'9

=Haplogroup U4

= Haplogroup U4 has its origin between 21,000 and 14,000 years ago. Its distribution is associated with the

population bottleneck A population bottleneck or genetic bottleneck is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events such as famines, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, and droughts; or human activities such as genocide, speciocide, wid ...

due to the

Last Glacial Maximum The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), also referred to as the Last Glacial Coldest Period, was the most recent time during the Last Glacial Period where ice sheets were at their greatest extent between 26,000 and 20,000 years ago. Ice sheets covered m ...

. U4 has been found in ancient DNA, and it is relatively rare in modern populations, although it is found in substantial ratios in certain indigenous populations of Northern Asia and Northern Europe, being associated with the remnants of ancient European hunting-gatherers preserved in the indigenous populations of Siberia. U4 is found in the endangered

of the Taymyr Peninsula, in the Mansi (16.3%), and in the Ket people (28.9%) of the Yenisei River. It is found in Europe with highest concentrations in Scandinavia and the Baltic states. and is found in the

population of the Scandinavian peninsula (although, U5b has a higher representation). U4 is also preserved in the Kalash people (current population size 3,700) a unique tribe among the

Indo-Aryan peoples Indo-Aryan peoples are a diverse collection of peoples predominantly found in South Asia, who (traditionally) speak Indo-Aryan languages. Historically, Aryans were the Indo-Iranian speaking pastoralists who migrated from Central Asia int ...

of Pakistan where U4 (subclade U4a1) attains its highest frequency of 34%. The U4 subclades are: U4a, U4b, U4c, and U4d. Haplogroup U4 is associated with ancient European hunter-gatherers and has been found in 7,200 to 6,000-year-old remains of the

Pitted Ware culture The Pitted Ware culture ( 3500 BC– 2300 BC) was a hunter-gatherer culture in southern Scandinavia, mainly along the coasts of Svealand, Götaland, Åland, north-eastern Denmark and southern Norway. Despite its Mesolithic economy, it ...

in Gotland Sweden and in 4,400 to 3,800-year-old remains from the Damsbo site of the Danish

. Remains identified as subclade U4a2 are associated with the

Corded Ware culture The Corded Ware culture comprises a broad archaeological horizon of Europe between – 2350 BC, thus from the Late Neolithic, through the Copper Age, and ending in the early Bronze Age. Corded Ware culture encompassed a vast area, from t ...

, which flourished 5200 to 4300 years ago in Eastern and Central Europe and encompassed most of continental northern Europe from the

Volga River The Volga (, ) is the longest river in Europe and the longest endorheic basin river in the world. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of , and a catchment ...

in the east to the

Rhine The Rhine ( ) is one of the List of rivers of Europe, major rivers in Europe. The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps. It forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein border, then part of the Austria–Swit ...

in the west. Mitochondrial DNA recovered from 3,500 to 3,300-year-old remains at the Bredtoftegård site in Denmark associated with the

Nordic Bronze Age The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age, or Scandinavian Bronze Age) is a period of Scandinavian prehistory from . The Nordic Bronze Age culture emerged about 1750 BC as a continuation of the Late Neolithic Dagger period, which is root ...

include haplogroup U4 with 16179T in its HVR1 indicative of subclade U4c1. 2 out of 9 1700-year-old remains in the extreme southwest of Ivanovo Region were U4c1. * U4 ** U4a *** U4a1 **** U4a1a ***** U4a1a1 ***** U4a1a2 ***** U4a1a3 **** U4a1b ***** U4a1b1 ****** U4a1b1a ***** U4a1b2 **** U4a1c **** U4a1d **** U4a1e *** U4a2 **** U4a2a ***** U4a2a1 ***** U4a2a2 ***** U4a2a3 **** U4a2b **** U4a2c ***** U4a2c1 **** U4a2d **** U4a2e **** U4a2f **** U4a2g **** U4a2h ***** U4a2h1 *** U4a3 **** U4a3a ** U4b *** U4b1 **** U4b1a ***** U4b1a1 ****** U4b1a1a ******* U4b1a1a1 ***** U4b1a2 ****** U4b1a2a ****** U4b1a2b ***** U4b1a3 ****** U4b1a3a ***** U4b1a4 **** U4b1-T146C! ***** U4b1b ****** U4b1b1 ******* U4b1b1a ******* U4b1b1b ******* U4b1b1-T16311C! ******** U4b1b1c ******* U4b1b1d ****** U4b1b2 *** U4b2 **** U4b2a ***** U4b2a1 ****** U4b2a1a *** U4b3 ** U4c *** U4c1 **** U4c1a *** U4c2 **** U4c2a ** U4d *** U4d1 **** U4d1a ***** U4d1a1 ****** U4d1a1a **** U4d1b *** U4d2 *** U4d3

=Haplogroup U9

= Haplogroup U9 is a rare clade in mtDNA phylogeny, characterized only recently in a few populations of Pakistan (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Its presence in

Ethiopia Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Ken ...

and

Yemen Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia. Located in South Arabia, southern Arabia, it borders Saudi Arabia to Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, the north, Oman to Oman–Yemen border, the northeast, the south-eastern part ...

, together with some Indian-specific M lineages in the Yemeni sample, points to gene flow along the coast of the Arabian Sea. Haplogroups U9 and U4 share two common mutations at the root of their phylogeny. It is interesting that, in Pakistan, U9 occurs frequently only among the so-called Makrani population. In this particular population, lineages specific to parts of Eastern Africa occur as frequently as 39%, which suggests that U9 lineages in

Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...

may have an

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...

n origin (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Regardless of which coast of the Arabian Sea may have been the origin of U9, its Ethiopian–southern Arabian–Indus Basin distribution hints that the subclade's diversification from U4 may have occurred in regions far away from the current area of the highest diversity and frequency of haplogroup U4—East Europe and western Siberia. * U9 ** U9a *** U9a1 ** U9b *** U9b1

Haplogroup U7

Haplogroup U7 is considered a West Eurasian–specific mtDNA haplogroup, believed to have originated in the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...

area approximately 30,000 years ago. In modern populations, U7 occurs at low frequency in the Caucasus, the western Siberian tribes, West Asia (about 4% in the Near East, while peaking with 10% in Iranians), South Asia (about 12% in Gujarat, the westernmost state of India, while for the whole of India its frequency stays around 2%, and 5% in

), and the

Vedda people The Vedda ( ; (''Vēḍar'')), or Wanniyalaeto, are a minority Indigenous peoples, indigenous group of people in Sri Lanka who, among other sub-communities such as Coast Veddas, Anuradhapura Veddas and Bintenne Veddas, are accorded indigenou ...

of Sri Lanka where it reaches it highest frequency of 13.33% (subclade U7a). One third of the West Eurasian-specific mtDNAs found in India are in haplogroups U7, R2 and W. It is speculated that large-scale immigration carried these mitochondrial haplogroups into India. The U7 subclades are U7a (with deep-subclades U7a1, U7a2, U7a2a, U7a2b) and U7b. Genetic analysis of individuals associated with the Late Hallstatt culture from Baden-Württemberg Germany considered to be examples of

Iron Age The Iron Age () is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. It has also been considered as the final age of the three-age division starting with prehistory (before recorded history) and progre ...

"princely burials" included haplogroup U7. Haplogroup U7 was reported to have been found in 1200-year-old human remains (dating to around 834), in a woman believed to be from a royal clan who was buried with the Viking Oseberg Ship in Norway. Haplogroup U7 was found in 1000-year-old human remains (dating to around AD 1000-1250) in a Christian cemetery is Kongemarken Denmark. However, U7 is rare among present-day ethnic Scandinavians. The U7a subclade is especially common among

Saudis Saudis (; local dialects: , suʿūdiyyīn) or Saudi Arabians are the citizen population of the Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, who speak the Arabic language, a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language, and share a common Ancesto ...

, constituting around 30% of maternal lineages in the Eastern Province. * U7 ** U7a *** U7a1 **** U7a1a *** U7a2 **** U7a2a *** U7a3 **** U7a3a **** U7a3b *** U7a4 **** U7a4a ***** U7a4a1 ****** U7a4a1a *** U7a5 ** U7b *** U7b1 *** U7b2

Haplogroup U8

Haplogroup U8a: The Basques have the most ancestral

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree or phylogeny is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or Taxon, taxa during a specific time.Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, M ...

in Europe for the mitochondrial haplogroup U8a. This is a rare subgroup of U8, placing the Basque origin of this lineage in the Upper Palaeolithic. The lack of U8a lineages in Africa suggests that their ancestors may have originated from West Asia. Haplogroup U8b: This clade has been found in Italy and Jordan. Haplogroup U8b'K: This clade may be synonymous with ''Haplogroup K'' and ''Haplogroup UK''. The haplogroup U8b's most common subclade is haplogroup K, which is estimated to date to between 30,000 and 22,000 years ago. Haplogroup K makes up a sizeable fraction of European and West Asian mtDNA lineages. It is now known it is actually a subclade of haplogroup U8b'K, and is believed to have first arisen in northeastern Italy. Haplogroup UK shows some evidence of being highly protective against AIDS progression. * U8 ** U8a *** U8a1 **** U8a1a ***** U8a1a1 ****** U8a1a1a ******* U8a1a1a1 ****** U8a1a1b ******* U8a1a1b1 ***** U8a1a2 ***** U8a1a3 ***** U8a1a4 **** U8a1b *** U8a2 ** U8b'c *** U8b **** U8b1 ***** U8b1a ****** U8b1a1 ****** U8b1a2 ******* U8b1a2a ******* U8b1a2-T16311C! ******** U8b1a2b ***** U8b1b ****** U8b1b1 ****** U8b1b2 **** K *** U8c

Famous members

*Dr. Sanjay Gupta carries haplogroup U2c. *Political analyst Linda Chavez is a member of haplogroup U5a1a1. *Genetic genealogist CeCe Moore belongs to haplogroup U5b1b2.

References

National Geographic ''National Geographic'' (formerly ''The National Geographic Magazine'', sometimes branded as ''Nat Geo'') is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners. The magazine was founded in 1888 as a scholarly journal, nine ...

'' *
U1 mtDNA Project
at Family Tree DNA *
U3 mtDNA Haplogroup Project
at Family Tree DNA *
U4 mtDNA Haplogroup Project
at Family Tree DNA *
U5 mtDNA Project
at Family Tree DNA *
U6 mtDNA Project
at Family Tree DNA *
U7 mtDNA Haplogroup
at Family Tree DNA *
U8 mtDNA Haplogroup
at Family Tree DNA *
U9 mtDNA Project
at Family Tree DNA U