Haplogroup O-P31 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup O-M268 (former name) is a Y-DNA that descends from O1 (O-F265), however, it is now referred to as O1b.

Origin

The authors of a study published in 2011 have suggested China as being the early birthplace of O1b.Shi Yan, Chuan-Chao Wang, Hui Li, Shi-Lin Li, Li Jin, and The Genographic Consortium, "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4." ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2011) 19, 1013–1015; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64

Other studies suggest a complex origin that is inconclusive because of rising seawater to the east of China (which may have been a walkable land mass).

Despite such studies, descendants of O1b suggest two primary migration paths from Southeast China:

* Korea & Japan
* Southeast Asia

This suggestion aims to draw an intersection to support the theory of both migration paths being in opposite spectrums geographically in East Asia.

There has also bee
recent suggestions
that Korea plays a major role in the origin of O1b.

Distribution

O1b is distributed with varying frequencies among these populations:

* Japanese
* Koreans
* Chinese
* Southeast Asians

As of right now, it is inconclusive as to what frequency pertains to each population due to lack of accurate data.

Specific descendants (subclades) of O1b can be found a
YFULL
an
ISOGG

The two primary descendants are:

* O1b1
* O1b2

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic History

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Phylogenetic Trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.
* O-P31 (P31, M268)
** O-K18
*** O-CTS4040 ''Mainly found in Han Chinese and occasionally found in Chinese (Dai), Manchu, Thailand ( Phuan, Tai Yuan, Thai), Vietnam, the Philippines, West Kalimantan, Qatar, Hazara, Japan, Korea''
****O-MF56251 ''Found in Thailand ( Central Thai, Tai Yuan, Phuan), Vietnam ( Nùng, Tày), and southern China ( Yao, Zhuang, and Han in Guangxi, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Sichuan, and Jiangsu)''
****O-Page59
*****O-CTS9996 ''Found in approximately 0.37% of all males in present-day China''
*****O-Z24309
******O-F417
*******O-CTS1451 ''Found in approximately 0.15% of all males in present-day China''
*******O-F840 ''Found in approximately 0.41% of all males in present-day China''
******O-F4070 ''Found in approximately 2.20% of all males in present-day China''
*******O-MF106398
*******O-F993
********O-MF107014
********O-MF61620
********O-F1759
*********O-MF106881
*********O-CTS4936
**********O-F3346
***********O-MF17816
***********O-F2064
************O-F3314
*************O-Z24380
**************O-F3323 ''Found in approximately 1.99% of all males in present-day China, with especially dense distribution in Taiwan, Shandong, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Jiangsuhttps://www.23mofang.com/ancestry/family/61af046e677bf50006a80818''
*** O-PK4
**** O-F838 ''Found in Han ChineseJean A Trejaut, Estella S Poloni, Ju-Chen Yen, ''et al.'' (2014), "Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia." ''BMC Genetics'' 2014, 15:77. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/15/77 and in a specimen from medieval South Kazakhstan ascribed to the Turks;Peter de Barros Damgaard, Nina Marchi, Simon Rasmussen, ''et al.'' (2018), "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes." ''Nature'' volume 557, pages 369–374 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 probably also present in Thailand ( Kaleun, Phuan, Thai),Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Andrea Brunelli, Silvia Ghirotto, Leonardo Arias, Enrico Macholdt, Alexander Hübner, Roland Schröder, and Mark Stoneking, "Contrasting Paternal and Maternal Genetic Histories of Thai and Lao Populations." ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' Advance Access publication April 12, 2019. Hanoi, Ambon, Ayeyarwady Region,Min-Sheng Peng, Jun-Dong He, Long Fan, ''et al.'' (2013), "Retrieving Y chromosomal haplogroup trees using GWAS data." ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2013), 1–5. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.272 and Xinlong CountyWang C-C, Wang L-X, Shrestha R, Zhang M, Huang X-Y, ''et al.'' (2014), "Genetic Structure of Qiangic Populations Residing in the Western Sichuan Corridor." ''PLoS ONE'' 9(8): e103772. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103772''
**** O-M95 (M95)
***** O-CTS350
****** O-CTS350* ''Found in Japan''
****** O-CTS10007 ''Found in Han Chinese in Hunan''
***** O-M1310
****** O-F1252
******* O-SK1630/F5504 ''China (Shaanxi), Russia (Ryazan Oblast)''
******** O-SK1636
******* O-F2924
******** O-CTS5854 ''Found in China (Han, Dai), Laos, Thailand, Japan, and the Philippines''
******** O-M88 (M88, M111) ''Found in Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, China (Dai, Buyi, Zhuang, Li, Shui, She, Miao, Yao, De'ang, Bulang, Qiang, Tujia, Lisu, Achang, Nu, Lahu, Jinuo, Hani, Yi, Bai, Han), Taiwan (Han, Bunun, Yami), Java, Borneo, Malaysia, the Philippines''
****** O-F789/M1283 ''Found in China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore (Malay),Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, ''et al.'', "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." ''Genome Research'' 25:1–8; ISSN 1088-9051/15; www.genome.org Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Bhutan,Pille Hallast, Chiara Batini, Daniel Zadik, ''et al.'' (2015), "The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades." ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' 2015 Mar;32(3):661-73. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327 Bangladesh, and India''
** O-P49 (M176, SRY465, P49, 022454) ''Japan, South Korea, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Micronesia''
*** O-P49*(xPage92) ''Japan, South Korea''
*** O-Page92
**** O-Page90 ''Japan (Hiroshima), Jilin''
**** O-CTS9259
***** O-CTS562 ''Beijing ( Han), South Korea,O Y-Haplogroup Project
at Family Tree DNA Japan (Fukushima)''
***** O-K10/F1204
****** O-K10* ''Japan (Tokyo)''
****** O-CTS10687 ''Japan, Mongolia''
****** O-K7/CTS11723/47z ''Found in approximately 24% of Japanese males and with lower frequency in Korea and China''
******* O-BY130355 ''Sichuan''
******* O-K2/CTS713
******** O-K2* ''Japan (Tokyo, Aomori), South Korea''
******** O-CTS203 ''Japan (Tokyo, Miyagi), Henan''
******** O-K14
********* O-K14* ''Shanxi''
********* O-M776 ''Japan (Tokyo)''
********* O-Z24594
********** O-Z24594* ''South Korea''
********** O-CTS56 ''Japan (Tokyo, Kumamoto)''
******** O-Y178266 ''Japan (Tokyo), Beijing''
******** O-Z24599
********* O-Z24599* ''Japan (Tokyo, Yamaguchi)''
********* O-K473 ''Japan (Tokyo)''
********* O-Y181118 ''South Korea (Busan), Hebei''
****** O-K4
******* O-K3/F940 ''Hunan ( Han), Jiangxi, Henan (Han)''
******** O-F940* ''Hunan, Jiangxi''
******** O-K481 ''Hunan (Han)''
******* O-L682 ''Found in approximately 19% of South Korean malesSo Yeun Kwon, Hwan Young Lee, Eun Young Lee, Woo Ick Yang, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "Confirmation of Y haplogroup tree topologies with newly suggested Y-SNPs for the C2, O2b and O3a subhaplogroups." ''Forensic Science International: Genetics'' 19 (2015) 42–46. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.06.003 and with lower frequency in Japan and China''
******** O-L682* ''Shanxi''
******** O-K485
********* O-K485* ''Japan (Tokyo)''
********* O-CTS723
********** O-CTS723* ''South Korea''
********** O-A23652
*********** O-A23652* ''Japanese''
*********** O-A23653
************ O-A23653* ''Japanese, South Korea''
************ O-A23658
************* O-A23658* ''South Korea''
************* O-Y165475 ''South Korea''
********** O-Y24057
*********** O-Y24057* ''Shandong''
*********** O-A12448
************ O-A12448* ''South Korea (incl. Daegu)''
************ O-PH40 ''Beijing (Han), Shandong, South Korea, JapanY-DNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
/ref>''
*********** O-MF14220 ''South Korea''
*********** O-Y26376/CTS7620 ''Japan, South Korea''
************ O-MF14346 ''South Korea''
************ O-Y26377
************* O-Y26377* ''Japan (Okayama), Hezhen''
************* O-CTS1175 ''Japan (Kochi, Tokyo)''

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA O Subclades

Y-DNA Backbone Tree

References

Footnotes

Works cited

Journals
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Websites
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Sources for conversion tables

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Further reading

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* {{cite journal, last1=Trivedi, year=2006, doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0349-2, title=Molecular insights into the origins of the Shompen, a declining population of the Nicobar archipelago, first1=Rajni, last2=Sitalaximi, first2=T., last3=Banerjee, first3=Jheelam, last4=Singh, first4=Anamika, last5=Sircar, first5=P. K., last6=Kashyap, first6=V. K., journal=Journal of Human Genetics, volume=51, issue=3, pages=217–26, pmid=16453062, doi-access=free

O-P31