Interpolation maps for L1 haplogroup total

Haplogroup L1 is a

human mitochondrial DNA Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondr ...

(mtDNA) haplogroup. It is most common in

Central Africa Central Africa (French language, French: ''Afrique centrale''; Spanish language, Spanish: ''África central''; Portuguese language, Portuguese: ''África Central'') is a subregion of the African continent comprising various countries accordin ...

and

West Africa West Africa, also known as Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations geoscheme for Africa#Western Africa, United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Gha ...

. It diverged from L1-6 at about 140,000 years ago ( 95% CI). Its emergence is associated with the early

peopling of Africa Early human migrations are the earliest Human migration, migrations and expansions of Homo, archaic and modern humans across continents. They are believed to have begun approximately 2 million years ago with the early expansions of hominin ...

by anatomically modern humans during the

Eemian The Last Interglacial, also known as the Eemian, was the interglacial period which began about 130,000 years ago at the end of the Penultimate Glacial Period and ended about 115,000 years ago at the beginning of the Last Glacial Period. It cor ...

, and it is now mostly found in

Central African foragers The African Pygmies (or Congo Pygmies, variously also Central African foragers, African rainforest hunter-gatherers (RHG) or Forest People of Central Africa) are a group of ethnicities native to Central Africa, mostly the Congo Basin, tradit ...

Ancient DNA

Among the less than 1% of subgroups of

macro-haplogroup L In human mitochondrial genetics, L is the Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup, mitochondrial DNA macro-haplogroup that is at the root of the anatomically modern human (''Homo sapiens'') mtDNA phylogenetic tree. As such, it represents the most an ...

found among the population in Europe, haplogroup L1b is present; haplogroup L1b in

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

, which is often found in

, has been dated to 10,000 BP.

Distribution

Haplogroup L1 is found most commonly in

and

. It reaches its highest frequency among the Mbenga people. It is likely that it was formerly more widespread, and was constrained to its current area as a result of the

Bantu migration Bantu may refer to: *Bantu languages, constitute the largest sub-branch of the Niger–Congo languages *Bantu peoples, over 400 peoples of Africa speaking a Bantu language * Bantu knots, a type of African hairstyle * Black Association for Nationa ...

(which is largely associated with haplogroup L2). Haplogroup L1 has been observed in specimens from the island cemetery in

Kulubnarti Kulubnarti ("Kulb island") is a long island in northern Sudan. Located on the Nile, around south of the Egyptian border, it is part of the village of Kulb. Until the fifteenth century, Kulubnarti was a remote area. It was one of the last known r ...

Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...

, which date from the

Early Christian Early Christianity, otherwise called the Early Church or Paleo-Christianity, describes the historical era of the Christian religion up to the First Council of Nicaea in 325. Christianity spread from the Levant, across the Roman Empire, and be ...

period (AD 550–800). An ancient

Beaker culture The Bell Beaker culture, also known as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon, is an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell Beaker (archaeology), beaker drinking vessel used at the beginning of the European Bronze Age, ...

individual at the Camino de las Yeseras in

Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...

(San Fernando de Henares, Madrid; 4245 / RISE695F) has also been found to carry the L1b1a mitochondrial haplogroup.''Iñigo Olalde'' et al
The Beaker Phenomenon And The Genomic Transformation Of Northwest Europe
2017

Subclades

L1c

L1c emerged at about 85 kya. It reaches its highest frequencies in West and Central Africa, notably among the Mbenga people.
See map
) Among the Mbenga, it is carried by 100% of Ba-Kola, 97% of Ba-Benzélé, and 77% of Biaka.Sarah A. Tishkoff et al. 2007
History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation.
Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180-2195 Other populations in which L1c is particularly prevalent include the Bedzan (Tikar) people (100%), Baka people from

Gabon Gabon ( ; ), officially the Gabonese Republic (), is a country on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa, on the equator, bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo to the east and south, and ...

(97%) and

Cameroon Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the R ...

(90%),Lluis Quintana-Murci et al. MtDNA diversity in Central Africa: from hunter-gathering to agriculturalism. CNRS-Institut Pasteur, Paris the

Bakoya The Bakoya are pygmies, earlier known as Négrilles or Babinga, who inhabitant the rainforest between Cameroon and the Great Lake region of the Congo Basin in Central Africa. Since the 1930s, the Bakoya, in particular, have settled in Gabon in the ...

(97%), and the Ba-Bongo (82%). Common also in

São Tomé São Tomé is the capital and largest city of the Central African island country of São Tomé and Príncipe. Its name is Portuguese for " Saint Thomas". Founded in the 15th century, it is one of Africa's oldest colonial cities. History Álv ...

(20%) and

Angola Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west-Central Africa, central coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest Portuguese-speaking world, Portuguese-speaking (Lusophone) country in both total area and List of c ...

(16–24%).Batini, Chiara et al 2006
Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial L1c haplogroup: Genetic signatures of the prehistory of Central Africa
/ref>

L1b

L1b is much more recent, dated at about 10 kya. It is frequent in

. It has also been found in

Mozambique Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Afr ...

(1%),

Ethiopia Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Ken ...

(2%),

Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...

(1%), the

Nile Valley The Nile (also known as the Nile River or River Nile) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is the longest river in Africa. It has historically been considered the longest river i ...

(4%),

Kung Kung or Küng may refer to: * ǃKung people * ǃKung language * Kung (Haida village), an historical village of the Haida people of the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia, Canada; also Kung Indian Reserve No. 11 at the same location * Ku ...

(1%),

Cape Verde Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island country and archipelagic state of West Africa in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about . These islands ...

(8%),

Senegal Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is the westernmost country in West Africa, situated on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. It borders Mauritania to Mauritania–Senegal border, the north, Mali to Mali–Senegal border, the east, Guinea t ...

(17–20%),

Niger Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is a unitary state Geography of Niger#Political geography, bordered by Libya to the Libya–Niger border, north-east, Chad to the Chad–Niger border, east ...

Nigeria Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It covers an area of . With Demographics of Nigeria, ...

(15%),

Guinea Bissau Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, is a country in West Africa that covers with an estimated population of 2,026,778. It borders Senegal to its north and Guinea to its southeast. Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kin ...

(11%),

Morocco Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to Algeria–Morocc ...

(4–5%), and

Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Alger ...

(1–2%).

Phylogenetics

Interpolation maps for haplogroup L1b and L1c

L1 has two branches, L1c and L1b (the formerly named haplogroups L1d, L1k, L1a, L1f have been re-classified into haplogroup L0, as L0d, L0k, L0a, L0f; L1e as L5). Phylogeny of L1c: *L1c **L1c1'2'4'6 ***L1c1 ****L1c1a *****L1c1a1 ******L1c1a1a *******L1c1a1a1 ********L1c1a1a1a ********L1c1a1a1b *********L1c1a1a1b1 *******L1c1a1a2 ******L1c1a1b *****L1c1a2 ******L1c1a2a *******L1c1a2a1 *******L1c1a2a2 ******L1c1a2b ******L1c1a2c ****L1c1b'c'd *****L1c1b *****L1c1c'd ******L1c1c ******L1c1d ***L1c2'4 ****L1c2 *****L1c2a ******L1c2a1 *******L1c2a1a *******L1c2a1b ******L1c2a2 *****L1c2b ******L1c2b1 ******L1c2b2 ****L1c4 *****L1c4a *****L1c4b ***L1c6 **L1c3 ***L1c3a ****L1c3a1 ****L1c3a1a ***L1c3b'c ****L1c3b *****L1c3b1 ******L1c3b1a ******L1c3b1b *****L1c3b2 ****L1c3c Phylogeny of L1b: *L1b **L1b1 ***L1b1a ****L1b1a1'4 *****L1b1a1 *****L1b1a4 ****L1b1a2 *****L1b1a2a ****189 *****L1b1a3 ******L1b1a3a *******L1b1a3a1 ****L1b1a5 ****L1b1a6 ****L1b1a7

References

External links

PhyloTree.org - mtDNA subtree L
van Oven & Kayser M. 2009.

from ''

National Geographic ''National Geographic'' (formerly ''The National Geographic Magazine'', sometimes branded as ''Nat Geo'') is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners. The magazine was founded in 1888 as a scholarly journal, nine ...

''
African Haplogroup L mtDNA Sequences Show Violations of Clock-like Evolution
* Ian Logan'

* Ian Logan'

L1
YFull MTree 1.02.00 (under construction) {{Authority control L1