Haplogroup IJ (M429/P125) is a

human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by specific mutations in the non-Genetic recombination, recombining portions of DNA on the male-specific Y chromosome (Y-DNA). Individuals within a haplogroup share ...

, an immediate descendant of Haplogroup IJK (formerly known as Haplogroup F-L15). IJK is a branch of Haplogroup HIJK. The immediate descendants of IJ are Haplogroup I and Haplogroup J. Its sole sibling is K (which includes most of the world's male population). Haplogroup IJ derived populations account for a significant proportion of the pre-modern populations of

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

(especially Scandinavia and the Balkans),

Anatolia Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...

, the

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region spanning Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, comprising parts of Southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The Caucasus Mountains, i ...

, the

Middle East The Middle East (term originally coined in English language) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq. The term came into widespread usage by the United Kingdom and western Eur ...

(especially Arabia, Levant and Mesopotamia) and coastal

North Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...

. As a result of mass migrations during the modern era, they are now also significant in

The Americas The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.'' Webster's New World College Dictionary'', 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. When viewed as a sin ...

and

Australasia Australasia is a subregion of Oceania, comprising Australia, New Zealand (overlapping with Polynesia), and sometimes including New Guinea and surrounding islands (overlapping with Melanesia). The term is used in a number of different context ...

. Haplogroup I appears to have arisen in Europe, so far being found in Palaeolithic sites throughout Europe (Fu 2016), but not outside it. It diverged from common ancestor IJ* about 43,000 years B.P. (Karafet 2008). Early evidence for haplogroup J has been found in the Caucasus and Iran (Jones 2015, Fu 2016). In addition, living examples of the precursor Haplogroup IJ* have been found only in ethnicities living in modern day Iran. This may indicate that IJ originated in

West Asia West Asia (also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia) is the westernmost region of Asia. As defined by most academics, UN bodies and other institutions, the subregion consists of Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Mesopotamia, the Armenian ...

Origin

A 2008 estimate suggested that the

most recent common ancestor A most recent common ancestor (MRCA), also known as a last common ancestor (LCA), is the most recent individual from which all organisms of a set are inferred to have descended. The most recent common ancestor of a higher taxon is generally assu ...

of haplogroup IJ could have lived 30,500–46,200 years ago, while another estimate suggests 43,000–45,700 years. Both of the primary branches of haplogroup IJ – I-M170 and J-M304 – are found among modern populations of the

, and

Southwest Asia West Asia (also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia) is the westernmost region of Asia. As defined by most academics, UN bodies and other institutions, the subregion consists of Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Mesopotamia, the Armenia ...

. This tends to suggest that Haplogroup IJ branched from IJK in

and/or the

. Examples of the basal/paragroup Haplogroup IJ* (M429) were first reported in a 2012 study of genetic diversity in

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

, by Grugni et al. These individuals were reported to be positive for M429 and negative for the

SNPs In genetics and bioinformatics, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP ; plural SNPs ) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome. Although certain definitions require the substitution to be present in ...

M170 and M304, which define haplogroup I and haplogroup J respectively. However, because the researchers filtered for relatively few SNPs, these individuals may have carried less well-known SNPs equivalent to M170 and M304. Given the limited scope of the testing – and the small number of haplogroup IJ samples that were discovered – few firm conclusions have yet been drawn. An inference may also be made that both IJ (M429) and its sole sibling, Haplogroup K (M9) diverged from the parent Haplogroup IJK closer to the

and the

than to

East Asia East Asia is a geocultural region of Asia. It includes China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan, plus two special administrative regions of China, Hong Kong and Macau. The economies of Economy of China, China, Economy of Ja ...

, due to the evolutionary distance of IJK from its direct ancestor, haplogroup HIJK. IJ split in a typically disjunctive, almost mutually-exclusive geographical pattern, with J-M304 far more common in the Caucasus, and I-M170 far more common in Europe; the age of IJ and its subclades suggest that IJ probably entered Europe through the

Balkans The Balkans ( , ), corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throug ...

, some time before the

last glacial maximum The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), also referred to as the Last Glacial Coldest Period, was the most recent time during the Last Glacial Period where ice sheets were at their greatest extent between 26,000 and 20,000 years ago. Ice sheets covered m ...

(about 26,500 years BP). The same geographic corridor (the Balkans) also supported later gene flows, including the Early Neolithic Farmers from Anatolia about 9,000 years BP.

Phylogeny and distribution

IJ (M429, P123, P124, P125, P126, P127, P129, P130, S2, S22, ''per ISOGG 2008'') *IJ* – ''found at low frequency in parts of Iran''. ** I (M170, P19, M258, P38, P212, U179, ''Haplogroup I notation updated to ISOGG 2008''; L41, M170, M258, P19_1, P19_2, P19_3, P19_4, P19_5, P38, P212, U179) ***I* (''unobserved'') *** I1 (M253, M307, M450/S109, P30, P40, S62, S63, S64, S65, S66, S107, S108, S110, S111, ''per ISOGG 2008''; also L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121/S62, L123, L124/S64, L125/S65, L157.1, L186, L187, L840, M307.2/P203.2) ''Typical of populations of

Scandinavia Scandinavia is a subregion#Europe, subregion of northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples. ''Scandinavia'' most commonly refers to Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. It can sometimes also ...

and

Northwest Europe Northwestern Europe, or Northwest Europe, is a loosely defined subregion of Europe, overlapping Northern Europe, Northern and Western Europe. The term is used in geographic, history, and military contexts. Geographic definitions Geography, Geo ...

, with a moderate distribution throughout

Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural and socio-economic connotations. Its eastern boundary is marked by the Ural Mountain ...

'' **** I1* (''unobserved'') **** I-CTS12768 (''no phylogenetic name as of 2021'') ***** I-CTS12768* – ''living example in Sweden''. **** I-Z17954 (''no phylogenetic name as of 2021'') ***** I-Z17954* (''unobserved'') ***** I-Y21293 – ''living example in Netherlands''. ***** I-Y19092 – ''living examples in Normandy and Finland''. **** I1a – DF29/S438 ******I1a* - ''living examples in Sweden, Denmark and Portugal''. ******I1a1 M227 *******I1a1* - *******I1a1a M72 ******I1a2 L22/S142 *******I1a2* - *******I1a2a P109 *******I1a2b L205 *******I1a2c L287 ********I1a2c* - ********I1a2c1 L258/S335 *********I1a2c1* - *********I1a2c1a L296 *******I1a2d L300/S241 *******I1a2e L813/Z719 ******I1a3 S244/Z58 *******I1a3* - *******I1a3a S246/Z59 ********I1a3a* - ********I1a3a1 S337/Z60, S439/Z61, Z62 *********I1a3a1a Z140, Z141 *********I1a3a1a* - *********I1a3a1a1 L338 *********I1a3a1b Z73 *********I1a3a1c L573 ********I1a3a1d L803 ********I1a3a2 Z382 *******I1a3b S296/Z138, Z139 ******I1a4 S243/Z63 *****I1b Z131 ISOGG 2013 Y-DNA Haplogroup I
/ref> *** I2 (M438/P215/S31) (formerly I1b) ****I2* (''unobserved'') *****I2a (P37.2) (formerly I1b1) ''Typical of the South Slavic peoples of the

, especially the populations of

Bosnia Bosnia and Herzegovina, sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe. Situated on the Balkans, Balkan Peninsula, it borders Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to th ...

Croatia Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a country in Central Europe, Central and Southeast Europe, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herze ...

Serbia , image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg , national_motto = , image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg , national_anthem = () , image_map = , map_caption = Location of Serbia (gree ...

and

Slovenia Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country in Central Europe. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and a short (46.6 km) coastline within the Adriati ...

; also found with high haplotype diversity values, but lower overall frequency, among the West Slavic populations of

Slovakia Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the west, and the Czech Republic to the northwest. Slovakia's m ...

and the

Czech Republic The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, and historically known as Bohemia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the south ...

; a node of elevated frequency in

Moldavia Moldavia (, or ; in Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, Romanian Cyrillic: or ) is a historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially in ...

correlates with that observed for Haplogroup I2a (but not for Haplogroup I1)'' ******I2a* ******I2a1 (M423) *******I2a1* *******I2a1a (P41.2/M359.2) (formerly I1b1a) ******I2a2 (M26) (formerly I1b1b) ''Typical of the population of the so-called "archaic zone" of

Sardinia Sardinia ( ; ; ) is the Mediterranean islands#By area, second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the Regions of Italy, twenty regions of Italy. It is located west of the Italian Peninsula, north of Tunisia an ...

; also found at low frequencies among populations of Southwest Europe, particularly in Castile,

Béarn Béarn (; ; or ''Biarn''; or ''Biarno''; or ''Bearnia'') is one of the traditional provinces of France, located in the Pyrenees mountains and in the plain at their feet, in Southwestern France. Along with the three Northern Basque Country, ...

, and the Basque Country'' *******I2a2* *******I2a2a (M161) (formerly I1b1b1) *****I2b (M436/P214/S33, P216/S30, P217/S23, P218/S32) (formerly I1b2) ******I2b* ******I2b1 (M223, P219/S24, P220/S119, P221/S120, P222/U250/S118, P223/S117) (formerly I1b2a - old I1c) ''Occurs at a moderate frequency among populations of Northwest Europe, with a peak frequency in the region of

Lower Saxony Lower Saxony is a States of Germany, German state (') in Northern Germany, northwestern Germany. It is the second-largest state by land area, with , and fourth-largest in population (8 million in 2021) among the 16 ' of the Germany, Federal Re ...

in central

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

; minor offshoots appear in

and

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

(especially around Vladimir,

Ryazan Ryazan (, ; also Riazan) is the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and administrative center of Ryazan Oblast, Russia. The city is located on the banks of the Oka River in Central Russia, southeast of Moscow. As of the 2010 C ...

Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod ( ; rus, links=no, Нижний Новгород, a=Ru-Nizhny Novgorod.ogg, p=ˈnʲiʐnʲɪj ˈnovɡərət, t=Lower Newtown; colloquially shortened to Nizhny) is a city and the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast an ...

, and the Republic of Mordovia), and among speakers of Persian (including Iranians,

Hazaras The Hazaras (; ) are an ethnic group and a principal component of Afghanistan’s population. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan, primarily residing in the Hazaristan (Hazarajat) region in central Afghanistan. Hazaras al ...

in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and

Tajiks Tajiks (; ; also spelled ''Tadzhiks'' or ''Tadjiks'') is the name of various Persian-speaking Eastern Iranian groups of people native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Even though the term ''Tajik'' ...

in Afghanistan)'' *******I2b1* *******I2b1a (M284) (formerly I1b2a1) ''Generally limited to a low frequency in

Great Britain Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland, and Wales. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the List of European ...

'' *******I2b1b (M379) (formerly I1b2a2) *******I2b1c (P78) (formerly I1b2a3) *******I2b1d (P95) (formerly I1b2a4) ** J (12f2.1, M304, S6, S34, S35) ***J* *** J1 (M267) ''Typical of populations of the

Dagestan Dagestan ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Dagestan, is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, along the Caspian Sea. It is located north of the Greater Caucasus, and is a part of the North Caucasian Fede ...

and Semitic-speaking populations of

and

East Africa East Africa, also known as Eastern Africa or the East of Africa, is a region at the eastern edge of the Africa, African continent, distinguished by its unique geographical, historical, and cultural landscape. Defined in varying scopes, the regi ...

'' ****J1* *****J1a (M62) *****J1b (M365) *****J1c (M367, M368) *****J1d (M369) *****J1e (M390) ***** J2 (M172) ''Typical of populations of

Mesopotamia Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent. Today, Mesopotamia is known as present-day Iraq and forms the eastern geographic boundary of ...

Southern Europe Southern Europe is also known as Mediterranean Europe, as its geography is marked by the Mediterranean Sea. Definitions of southern Europe include some or all of these countries and regions: Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, C ...

, and the

, with a moderate distribution throughout

Central Asia Central Asia is a region of Asia consisting of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian language, Pers ...

South Asia South Asia is the southern Subregion#Asia, subregion of Asia that is defined in both geographical and Ethnicity, ethnic-Culture, cultural terms. South Asia, with a population of 2.04 billion, contains a quarter (25%) of the world's populatio ...

, and

'' ****J2* *****J2a (M410) ******J2a* *******J2a1 (DYS413≤18) *******J2a2 (M340) *****J2b (M12, M314, M221; ''also'' M102, Z2497, Z2499 Z2500/CTS10660) ******J2b* ''At least one living example found in Uzbekistan''. ******J2b1 (M205; ''includes former J2b1b/J-PF7344'') *******J2b1* ''Found in ancient remains (3,650 years BP) in Lebanon''. ********J2b1a (YP31, Y3165, Y167062, ''et al.'') ''Living examples found in Greece and Italy''.

Origin

Phylogeny and distribution

References

See also