Haplogroup E-M75 is a
human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by specific mutations in the non-Genetic recombination, recombining portions of DNA on the male-specific Y chromosome (Y-DNA). Individuals within a haplogroup share ...
. Along with
haplogroup E-P147, it is one of the two main branches of the older
haplogroup E-M96.
Ancient DNA
Within Africa
Kenya
At Prettejohn's Gully, in
Nakuru County, Kenya, there were two pastoralists of the early pastoral period; one carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and
K1a, and another carried haplogroup
L3f1b.
At Ilkek Mounds, in
Nakuru County, Kenya, a pastoralist of the Pastoral
Iron Age
The Iron Age () is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. It has also been considered as the final age of the three-age division starting with prehistory (before recorded history) and progre ...
carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and
L0f2a.
At Kisima Farm/C4, in
Laikipia County,
Kenya
Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country located in East Africa. With an estimated population of more than 52.4 million as of mid-2024, Kenya is the 27th-most-populous country in the world and the 7th most populous in Africa. ...
, a pastoralist of the Pastoral
Iron Age
The Iron Age () is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. It has also been considered as the final age of the three-age division starting with prehistory (before recorded history) and progre ...
, carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and
L3h1a1.
Outside of Africa
United States of America
At an Anson Street burial site, in
Charleston,
South Carolina
South Carolina ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders North Carolina to the north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, and Georgia (U.S. state), Georg ...
, there were 18
African Americans
African Americans, also known as Black Americans and formerly also called Afro-Americans, are an American racial and ethnic group that consists of Americans who have total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa ...
found who were dated to the 18th century CE.
Coosaw, who was of
West Africa
West Africa, also known as Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations geoscheme for Africa#Western Africa, United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Gha ...
n and
Native American ancestry, carried haplogroups
E2b1a-CTS2400 and
A2.
Distribution
Sorted frequency table of E-M75+ populations. Note that a "?" specifies that the sublineage of E-M75 was either untested for or unreported in the relevant study.
Subclades
E-M75*
Haplogroup E-M75(xM41,M54) has been found in 6% (1/18) of a sample of
Dama from Namibia,
4% (1/26) of a sample of
Ganda from Uganda,
3% (1/39) of a sample of
Mandinka from Gambia/Senegal,
and 2% (1/49) of a sample of
Shona from Zimbabwe.
E-M41
Haplogroup E-M41 has been found mainly in populations of the
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes spanning the Canada–United States border. The five lakes are Lake Superior, Superior, Lake Michigan, Michigan, Lake Huron, H ...
and
Upper Nile regions of
Central-
East
East is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west and is the direction from which the Sun rises on the Earth.
Etymology
As in other languages, the word is formed from the fact that ea ...
Africa, including 67% (6/9) of a sample of
Alur from the DRC,
39% (7/18) of a sample of
Hema from the DRC,
17% (15/88) of a sample from Ethiopia,
8% (2/26) of a sample of
Ganda from Uganda,
5% (2/40) of a sample from Sudan,
4% (3/69) of a sample of
Hutu from Rwanda,
3% (1/29) of a sample of
Bantus from Kenya,
and 2% (1/43) of a sample of
Iraqw from Tanzania.
E-M41 has also been identified in noticeable amounts among commercial DNA testers from the
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (, , or , , ) or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated north-east of Africa on the Arabian plate. At , comparable in size to India, the Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world.
Geographically, the ...
and among a few
Ashkenazi Jew
Ashkenazi Jews ( ; also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim) form a distinct subgroup of the Jewish diaspora, that Ethnogenesis, emerged in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium Common era, CE. They traditionally spe ...
ish males,
[Family Tree DNA public haplotree, Haplogroup E-M75](_blank)
/ref> and also in a male from Lebanon
Lebanon, officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia. Situated at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian Peninsula, it is bordered by Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south ...
.[Platt, D.E., Artinian, H., Mouzaya, F. et al. ]
Autosomal genetics and Y-chromosome haplogroup L1b-M317 reveal Mount Lebanon Maronites as a persistently non-emigrating population
'. Eur J Hum Genet 29, 581–592 (2021)
10.1038/s41431-020-00765-x
/ref>
E-M54
Haplogroup E-M54 has been found in 28% (22/80) of a sample of Xhosa from South Africa,Central Sudanic
Central Sudanic is a family of about sixty languages that have been included in the proposed Nilo-Saharan language family. Central Sudanic languages are spoken in the Central African Republic, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, Congo (DRC), Nige ...
and Saharan languages from northern Cameroon,
E-M98*
E-M98(xM85) has been found in 4% (2/49) of a sample of Mossi from Burkina Faso.
=E-M200
=
E-M200 has been found in 25% (3/12) of a small sample of Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), also known as the DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply the Congo (the last ambiguously also referring to the neighbouring Republic of the Congo), is a country in Central Africa. By land area, it is t ...
.Khoisan
Khoisan ( ) or () is an Hypernymy and hyponymy, umbrella term for the various Indigenous peoples of Africa, indigenous peoples of Southern Africa who traditionally speak non-Bantu languages, combining the Khoekhoen and the San people, Sān peo ...
(!Kung and/or Khwe) individuals from South Africa.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
Research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.
Phylogenetic trees
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree
See also
Genetics
Y-DNA E subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
References
Bibliography
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Sources for conversion tables
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External links
Y-DNA Haplogroup E and Its Subclades from ISOGG 2008
E
ca:Haplogrup E del cromosoma Y humà
de:Haplogruppe E (Y-DNA)
es:Haplogrupo E ADN-Y
fr:Haplogroupe E (Y-ADN)