Haplogroup C1 also known as C-F3393, is a major

Y-chromosome The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in therian mammals and other organisms. Along with the X chromosome, it is part of the XY sex-determination system, in which the Y is the sex-determining chromosome because the presence of the Y ...

haplogroup A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup (haploid from the , ''haploûs'', "onefold, simple" and ) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a sing ...

. It is one of two primary branches of the broader Haplogroup C, the other being C2 (also known as C-M217; the former Haplogroup C3). The basal

paragroup Paragroup is a term used in population genetics to describe lineages within a haplogroup that are not defined by any additional unique markers. In human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups, paragroups are typically represented by an asterisk (*) pl ...

, C1* (C-F3393*), has not been found in samples from living or dead males. Of the two primary branches, C1b is common in parts of

Oceania Oceania ( , ) is a region, geographical region including Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Outside of the English-speaking world, Oceania is generally considered a continent, while Mainland Australia is regarded as its co ...

and

Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...

. The other primary branch, C1a, is extremely rare worldwide and has been found mainly amongst individuals native to

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

and among Upper Paleolithic Europeans, with single cases known from

Nepal Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China Ch ...

and

Jeju Island Jeju Island (Jeju language, Jeju/) is South Korea's largest island, covering an area of , which is 1.83% of the total area of the country. Alongside outlying islands, it is part of Jeju Province and makes up the majority of the province. The i ...

Soon-Hee Kim, Ki-Cheol Kim, Dong-Jik Shin, Han-Jun Jin, Kyoung-Don Kwak, Myun-Soo Han, Joon-Myong Song, Won Kim, and Wook Kim (2011), "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea." ''Investigative Genetics'' 2011, 2:10. http://www.investigativegenetics.com/content/2/1/10 through academic studies and from an ethnic

Armenian Armenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia * Armenians, the national people of Armenia, or people of Armenian descent ** Armenian diaspora, Armenian communities around the ...

, an ethnic Kabyle, and an ethnic Han from

Linghai Linghai () is a county-level city in the west of Liaoning province, Northeast China. It was called Jinxian or Jin County () until 1993, when it was reorganized into a county-level city and renamed Linghai. With its urban core lying on the west (ri ...

through commercial testing.

Distribution

Subclade In genetics, a subclade is a subgroup of a haplogroup. Naming convention Although human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups and subclades are named in a similar manner, their names belong to completely separate syst ...

s of C1 (C-F3393) are the predominant Y-DNA haplogroups among some Indigenous Australian peoples, some

Pacific Islander Pacific Islanders, Pasifika, Pasefika, Pacificans, or rarely Pacificers are the peoples of the list of islands in the Pacific Ocean, Pacific Islands. As an ethnic group, ethnic/race (human categorization), racial term, it is used to describe th ...

peoples, and a few of the ethnic groups of the

Lesser Sunda Islands The Lesser Sunda Islands (, , ), now known as Nusa Tenggara Islands (, or "Southeast Islands"), are an archipelago in the Indonesian archipelago. Most of the Lesser Sunda Islands are located within the Wallacea region, except for the Bali pro ...

of Indonesia. Other subclades are found, at very low frequencies, in isolated locations throughout the Eurasian landmass and adjoining islands.

C1a (CTS11043)

Basal C1a* (CTS11043) was found in an Upper Paleolithic Europeans (

Aurignacian The Aurignacian () is an archaeological industry of the Upper Paleolithic associated with Cro-Magnon, Early European modern humans (EEMH) lasting from 43,000 to 26,000 years ago. The Upper Paleolithic developed in Europe some time after the L ...

s), GoyetQ116-1 and Pestera Muerii2. Among the most interesting findings of recent genetic research is that living members of C1a are also rare and distributed geographically in an extremely bifurcated pattern.

C1a1 The L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle (SLR), also known by the initial Canadian designation C1, or in the U.S. as the "inch pattern" FAL, is a British version of the Belgian FN FAL battle rifle. The L1A1 was produced under licence and adopted by the arme ...

or C-M8 is now found regularly only with low frequency (approximately 5% to 6% of all samples) in

.ISOGG, 2015 "Y-DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades – 2015"
(15 September 2015). It also has been found sporadically among thousands of males from Korea and hundreds of thousands of males from China who have had their Y-DNA tested.Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C-M8/C-M105
according to FamilyTreeDNAPhylogenetic tree of haplogroup C-M8
according to YFullPhylogenetic tree of haplogroup C-F3393 according to 23mofang
/ref>Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C-F3393 according to TheYtree
/ref> C1a2 (known previously as C6) or C-V20 now appears to be found only among

an, Algerian, Turks,

, and

i males. C1a2 was present in the remains in Europe by the

Upper Paleolithic The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. Very broadly, it dates to between 50,000 and 12,000 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene), according to some theories ...

, including the Vestonice cluster (Vestonice16) (i.e. remains found in the modern Czech Republic). It was also found in the 7,000-year-old (

Mesolithic The Mesolithic (Ancient Greek language, Greek: μέσος, ''mesos'' 'middle' + λίθος, ''lithos'' 'stone') or Middle Stone Age is the Old World archaeological period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic. The term Epipaleolithic i ...

) remains of a WHG ( Western Hunter-Gatherers) known as "La Braña 1", found in La Braña-Arintero, León, Spain. La Braña 1 was part of the so-called Villabruna cluster, named after a site in northeast Italy. By the time of the Villabruna cluster, however, the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup in Western Europe was I2. (And the balance was again altered by the

mass migration Mass migration refers to the migration of large groups of people from one geographical area to another. Mass migration is distinguished from individual or small-scale migration; and also from seasonal migration, which may occur on a regular basi ...

s into Europe of Neolithic Middle Eastern farmer and Bronze Age Indo-Europeans.) further: a male from the

Great Hungarian Plain The Great Hungarian Plain (also known as Alföld or Great Alföld, or ) is a plain occupying the majority of the modern territory of Hungary. It is the largest part of the wider Pannonian Plain (however, the Great Hungarian Plain was not par ...

, approximately contemporaneous to the La Braña man also carried it, as did the 30,000-year-old remains of a Vestonice Cluster hunter-gatherer from the Pavlov-Dolní Věstonice area (

Czech Republic The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, and historically known as Bohemia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the south ...

), as well as a 34,000 years old Russian hunter gatherers from

Sungir Sungir (, sometimes spelled Sunghir) is an Upper Paleolithic archaeological site in Russia and one of the earliest records of modern ''Homo sapiens'' in Eurasia. It is situated about east of Moscow, on the outskirts of Vladimir, near the Klyazm ...

(Sunghir 1/2/3/4).

C1b (F1370)

Basal C1b* (F1370) has been identified in the remains of an individual known as Kostenki-14 who died circa 37,000 years BP (

) that was found at the Kostyonki archaeological site in western Russia. It has also been found in a small number of males from the

Middle East The Middle East (term originally coined in English language) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq. The term came into widespread usage by the United Kingdom and western Eur ...

. C1b2 (C-B477) is the common ancestor of C-M38 and C-M347. It is likely that more than 40% of

Indigenous Australian Indigenous Australians are people with familial heritage from, or recognised membership of, the various ethnic groups living within the territory of contemporary Australia prior to History of Australia (1788–1850), British colonisation. The ...

males, before contact with European settlers, belonged to the subclade C1b2b (C-M347) known previously as C4. Within C-M347 at least two subclades have been identified: C1b2b1 (DYS390.1del,M210) and an as yet unresolved offshoot of the C1b2b1 paragroup (i.e. M347xDYS390.1del,M210). C1b2a (M38), previously known as C2, is virtually restricted to Island South East Asia,

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; , fossilized , also known as Papua or historically ) is the List of islands by area, world's second-largest island, with an area of . Located in Melanesia in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is ...

Melanesia Melanesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It extends from New Guinea in the west to the Fiji Islands in the east, and includes the Arafura Sea. The region includes the four independent countries of Fiji, Vanu ...

, and

Polynesia Polynesia ( , ) is a subregion of Oceania, made up of more than 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The indigenous people who inhabit the islands of Polynesia are called Polynesians. They have many things in ...

. Of its subclades, C1b2a1a (P33) is found at a high frequency among

Polynesians Polynesians are an ethnolinguistic group comprising closely related ethnic groups native to Polynesia, which encompasses the islands within the Polynesian Triangle in the Pacific Ocean. They trace their early prehistoric origins to Island Sout ...

. Some members of populations in parts of

have been found to carry Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C1b1-AM00694/K281. C1b1b-B68 has been found in a

Dusun Dusun may refer to: * Dusun language, language of Dusun people of Borneo * Dusun people Dusun is the collective name of an indigenous ethnic group to the Malaysian state of Sabah of North Borneo. Collectively, they form the largest ethnic ...

Brunei Brunei, officially Brunei Darussalam, is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak, with ...

. C1b1a-B66/Z16458 has three primary subclades: C1b1a1-M356, C1b1a2-B65, and C1b1a3-Z16582. C1b1a3-Z16582 has been found in some individuals from

Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia. Located in the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about , making it the List of Asian countries ...

and

Iraq Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to Iraq–Saudi Arabia border, the south, Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq border, the east, the Persian Gulf and ...

. C1b1a2-B65 comprises two subclades, C1b1a2a-B67 and C1b1a2b-F725. C1b1a2a-B67 has been found in two Lebbo' people from

Borneo Borneo () is the List of islands by area, third-largest island in the world, with an area of , and population of 23,053,723 (2020 national censuses). Situated at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, it is one of the Greater Sunda ...

, an individual from Hadakewa on

Lembata Lembata is an island in the Lesser Sunda Islands, also known as Lomblen or Kawela; it is the largest island of the Solor Archipelago, in the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. It forms a separate regency of the province of Nusa Tenggara Timur. Th ...

, and four individuals from

Flores Flores is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, a group of islands in the eastern half of Indonesia. Administratively, it forms the largest island in the East Nusa Tenggara Province. The area is 14,250 km2. Including Komodo and Rinca islands ...

(one from Rampasasa and three from Cibal). The TMRCA of C-B67 has been estimated to be 17,007 (95% CI 19,608 <-> 14,627) years before present, with the Lebbo' individuals from Borneo belonging to a branch that is basal to the rest. C1b1a2b-F725 has been found in

Han Chinese The Han Chinese, alternatively the Han people, are an East Asian people, East Asian ethnic group native to Greater China. With a global population of over 1.4 billion, the Han Chinese are the list of contemporary ethnic groups, world's la ...

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

(

Guangdong ) means "wide" or "vast", and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226. The name "''Guang''" ultimately came from Guangxin ( zh, labels=no, first=t, t= , s=广信), an outpost established in Han dynasty ...

Hunan Hunan is an inland Provinces of China, province in Central China. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the Administrative divisions of China, province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi to the east, Gu ...

, and

Shaanxi Shaanxi is a Provinces of China, province in north Northwestern China. It borders the province-level divisions of Inner Mongolia to the north; Shanxi and Henan to the east; Hubei, Chongqing, and Sichuan to the south; and Gansu and Ningxia to t ...

Dai people The Dai people ( Burmese: ရှမ်းလူမျိုး; ; ; ; , ; , ; zh, c=, p=Dǎizú) are several Tai-speaking ethnic groups living in the Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture and the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture ...

Yunnan Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ...

Murut people The Murut, alternatively referred to as Tagol/Tahol, constitute an indigenous ethnic community comprising 29 distinct sub-ethnic groups dwelling within the northern inland territories of Borneo. Characterized by their rich cultural diversity, ...

Malay people Malays ( ; , Jawi: ) are an Austronesian ethnoreligious group native to eastern Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and coastal Borneo, as well as the smaller islands that lie between these locations. These locations are today part of the countries ...

Singapore Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in Southeast Asia. The country's territory comprises one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet. It is about one degree ...

, and

Aeta people Aeta (Ayta ), Agta and Dumagat, are collective terms for several indigenous peoples who live in various parts of Luzon islands in the Philippines. They are included in the wider Negrito grouping of the Philippines and the rest of Southeast A ...

in the

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

. C1b1a1-M356 has been found with overall low frequency in

South Asia South Asia is the southern Subregion#Asia, subregion of Asia that is defined in both geographical and Ethnicity, ethnic-Culture, cultural terms. South Asia, with a population of 2.04 billion, contains a quarter (25%) of the world's populatio ...

Central Asia Central Asia is a region of Asia consisting of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian language, Pers ...

, and

Southwest Asia West Asia (also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia) is the westernmost region of Asia. As defined by most academics, UN bodies and other institutions, the subregion consists of Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Mesopotamia, the Armenia ...

Phylogenetic structure

*C1 F3393 **C1a CTS11043 ***C1a1 M8 ''Japan'', ''China'', ''South Korea'', ''North Korea'' ****C1a1a P121 *****C1a1a1 CTS9336 ******C1a1a1a CTS6678 ''Japan, South Korea'' ******C1a1a1b Z1356 ''Japan'' *****C1a1a2 Z45460 ''China (Liaoning)'' ***C1a2 (previously C6) V20 ****C1a2a V182 *****C1a2a1 V222 ''United Kingdom, Italy (Calabria), Greece, Hungary, Ukraine'' ******C-Y12152 ''Scotland'' *******C-BY1117 ''Hungary, England'' *******C-Y11695 ''Italy, Greece, Ukraine'' ******C-BY67541 ''Italy, Germany'' *****C1a2a2 Z29329 ''Spain, Poland'' ****C1a2b Z38888/F16270/PH428 ''Lithuania, Ireland, England, Algeria,

Armenians Armenians (, ) are an ethnic group indigenous to the Armenian highlands of West Asia.Robert Hewsen, Hewsen, Robert H. "The Geography of Armenia" in ''The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiq ...

'' *****C-Z44576 ''Algeria'' *****C-Z44526/F15182 ''England, Armenian'' **C1b F1370 ***C1b1 K281 ****C1b1a B66/Z16458 *****C-K176 ******C-MF166805/C-M10417 - ''China (

Onsu County Onsu County, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency () and from Mandarin Chinese Wensu County ( zh, s=温宿县), is a county in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Aksu Prefecture, borderin ...

Uyghur Uyghur may refer to: * Uyghurs, a Turkic ethnic group living in Eastern and Central Asia (West China) ** Uyghur language, a Turkic language spoken primarily by the Uyghurs *** Old Uyghur language, a different Turkic language spoken in the Uyghur K ...

), Singapore'' ******C1b1a1 (previously C5) M356 ''India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, China (Xinjiang & Shanxi),

Myanmar Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ...

, Thailand'' *****C-Z33130 ******C-Z33130* '' Kostenki14'' ******C1b1a2 B65 *******C-B67 ********C-Z32425 ''Borneo ( LebboMonika Karmin, Rodrigo Flores, Lauri Saag, Georgi Hudjashov, Nicolas Brucato, Chelzie Crenna-Darusallam, Maximilian Larena, Phillip L Endicott, Mattias Jakobsson, J Stephen Lansing, Herawati Sudoyo, Matthew Leavesley, Mait Metspalu, François-Xavier Ricaut, and Murray P Cox, "Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages," ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'', Volume 39, Issue 3, March 2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac045)'' ********C-MY1069 ''

(Kadakewa)'' *********C-MY1070 ''

(Cibol, Rampasasa)'' ******C-AM00848/F725 ''Singapore, China (Yunnan, Guangdong, Hunan, Shaanxi), Borneo, the Philippines'' *****C1b1a3 Z16582 ''Saudi Arabia, Iraq'' ****C1b1b B68 ''Borneo'' ***C1b2 B477/Z31885 ****C1b2a (previously C2) M38 *****C1b2a1 M208 ******C1b2a1a P33 ''Polynesia'' ******C1b2a1b P54 ****C1b2b (previously C4) M347 ''Australia'' *****C1b2b1 M210

Footnotes

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup C-M217 (Y-Dna) C-F339

Distribution

C1a (CTS11043)

C1b (F1370)

Phylogenetic structure

See also

Footnotes