Albert Auguste Gabriel Hanotaux, known as Gabriel Hanotaux (19 November 1853 – 11 April 1944) was a French

statesman A statesman or stateswoman is a politician or a leader in an organization who has had a long and respected career at the national or international level, or in a given field. Statesman or statesmen may also refer to: Newspapers United States ...

and

historian A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human species; as well as the ...

who was France's

Minister of Foreign Affairs In many countries, the ministry of foreign affairs (abbreviated as MFA or MOFA) is the highest government department exclusively or primarily responsible for the state's foreign policy and foreign relations, relations, diplomacy, bilateralism, ...

from 1894 to 1895 and 1896 to 1898.

Biography

He was born at

Beaurevoir Beaurevoir is a commune in the department of Aisne in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Population See also * Communes of the Aisne department The following is a list of the 796 communes in the French department of Aisne. The co ...

in the ''

département In the administrative divisions of France, the department (, ) is one of the three levels of government under the national level (" territorial collectivities"), between the administrative regions and the communes. There are a total of 101 ...

'' of

Aisne Aisne ( , ; ; ) is a French departments of France, department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France. It is named after the river Aisne (river), Aisne. In 2020, it had a population of 529,374. Geography The department borders No ...

. He studied history at the

École des Chartes École or Ecole may refer to: * an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by secondary education establishments (collège and lycée) * École (river), a tributary of the Seine flowing in région Île-de-France * Éco ...

, and became '' maître de conférence'' in the

École des Hautes Études École or Ecole may refer to: * an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by secondary education establishments (collège and lycée) * École (river), a tributary of the Seine flowing in région Île-de-France * Éco ...

. His political career was that of a

civil servant The civil service is a collective term for a sector of government composed mainly of career civil service personnel hired rather than elected, whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leadership. A civil service offic ...

rather than a party politician. In 1879 he entered the ministry of foreign affairs as a secretary, and rose gradually through the diplomatic service. In 1886, he was elected deputy for Aisne, but, defeated in 1889, he returned to his diplomatic career, and on 31 May 1894 accepted the offer of

Charles Dupuy Charles Alexandre Dupuy (; 5 November 1851 – 23 July 1923) was a French statesman, three times prime minister. Biography He was born in Le Puy-en-Velay, Haute-Loire, Auvergne, where his father was a minor official. After a period as a prof ...

to be minister of foreign affairs. With one interruption (from 28 October 1895 to 29 April 1896, during the ministry of

Leon Bourgeois Leon, Léon (French) or León (Spanish) may refer to: Places Europe * León, Spain, capital city of the Province of León * Province of León, Spain * Kingdom of León, an independent state in the Iberian Peninsula from 910 to 1230 and again fro ...

) he held this portfolio until 14 June 1898. During his ministry he developed the ''rapprochement'' of France with Russia—visiting

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...

with the president,

Félix Faure Félix François Faure (; 30 January 1841 – 16 February 1899) was President of France from 1895 until his death in 1899. A native of Paris, he worked as a tanner in his younger years. Faure became a member of the Chamber of Deputies for Seine- ...

—and sought to delimit the

French colonies From the 16th to the 17th centuries, the First French colonial empire existed mainly in the Americas and Asia. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the second French colonial empire existed mainly in Africa and Asia. France had about 80 colonie ...

in Africa through agreements with the British. The

Fashoda Incident The Fashoda Incident, also known as the Fashoda Crisis ( French: ''Crise de Fachoda''), was the climax of imperialist territorial disputes between Britain and France in East Africa, occurring between 10 July to 3 November 1898. A French expedit ...

of July 1898 was the most notable result of this policy. This seems to have intensified Hanotaux's distrust of England, which is apparent in his literary works (though most of these were written after he had left the Quai d'Orsay). Hanotaux was elected a member of the

Académie française An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of tertiary education. The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded approximately 386 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the go ...

on 1 April 1897. He served as a delegate for France with the

League of Nations The League of Nations (LN or LoN; , SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Paris Peace ...

and participated in the 1st (15 November – 18 December 1920), 2nd (5 September – 5 October 1921), 3rd (4–30 September 1922) and 4th Assemblies (3–29 September 1923). In the early 1920s, there were proposals for the League of Nations to accept

Esperanto Esperanto (, ) is the world's most widely spoken Constructed language, constructed international auxiliary language. Created by L. L. Zamenhof in 1887 to be 'the International Language' (), it is intended to be a universal second language for ...

as a working language. Ten delegates accepted the proposals with only one voice against, the French delegate, Gabriel Hanotaux. The French employed their veto as a member of the League Council on all such votes, starting with the vote on 18 December 1920. Hanotaux did not like how the French language was losing its position as the international language of diplomacy and saw Esperanto as a threat. Gabriel Hanotaux died in Paris in 1944 and was interred in the

Passy Cemetery Passy Cemetery () is a small cemetery in Passy, in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France. History The current cemetery replaced the old cemetery (''l'ancien cimetière communal de Passy'', located on Rue Lekain), which was closed in 1802. ...

. His home in

Orchaise Orchaise () is a former commune in the Loir-et-Cher department of central France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valencisse.

now serves as a

botanical garden A botanical garden or botanic gardenThe terms ''botanic'' and ''botanical'' and ''garden'' or ''gardens'' are used more-or-less interchangeably, although the word ''botanic'' is generally reserved for the earlier, more traditional gardens. is ...

, the Parc botanique du Prieuré d'Orchaise.

Works

* ''Les Villes retrouvées'' (1881) * ''Origines de l'institution des intendants des provinces, d'après les documents inédits'' (1884) * ''Henri Martin, sa vie, ses œuvres, son temps, 1810-1883'', Librairie Léopold Cerf, Paris, 1885, VII-340 p.,
Consultable en ligne
et téléchargeable sur

Internet Archive The Internet Archive is an American 501(c)(3) organization, non-profit organization founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle that runs a digital library website, archive.org. It provides free access to collections of digitized media including web ...

. * ''Études historiques sur le XVIe et le XVIIe en France'' (1886) * ''Recueil des instructions données aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France : depuis les traités de Westphalie jusqu'à la Révolution française'' (1888-1913) * ''Essai sur les libertés de l'Église gallicane depuis les origines jusqu'au règne de Louis XIV'' (1888) * ''Note sur la famille maternelle de Jean de La Fontaine (les Pidoux du Poitou et de l'Île-de-France)'' (1889) * ''Paris en 1614'' (1890) * ''Histoire du cardinal de Richelieu'' (1893-1903) * ''Les Hommes de 1889'' (1893) * ''L'Affaire de Madagascar'' (1896) * ''Tableau de la France en 1614, la France et la royauté avant Richelieu'' (1898) * ''La Seine et les quais, promenades d'un bibliophile'' (1901) * ''Du Choix d'une carrière'' (1902) * ''L'Énergie française'' (1902) * ''Histoire de la France contemporaine, 1871-1900'' (1903-1908
Vol. I : Le gouvernement de M. Thiers
Vol. II : La Présidence du Maréchal de Mac Mahon - L'échec de la MonarchieVol. III : La Présidence du Maréchal de Mac Mahon - La constitution de 1875
e
Vol. IV : La République Parlementaire
disponibles sur

* ''La Paix latine'' (1903) * '' La jeunesse de Balzac. Balzac imprimeur 1825-1828, with

Georges Vicaire Georges Vicaire (8 December 1853 – 4 November 1921) was a French bibliophile and bibliographer. The son of (1802-1865), General Director of forests, and Marthe Vicaire Blais, Georges Vicaire was the father of Jean Vicaire and (1893–1976), an ...

Paris, A. Ferroud, 1903, 1re édition. Librairie des Amateurs, A. Ferroud, F. Ferroud, 1921. La partie « Balzac imprimeur » recense et décrit tous les livres imprimés par Balzac dans son imprimerie. * ''Le Partage de l'Afrique : Fachoda'' (1909) * ''La Démocratie et le Travail'' (Flammarion,

Bibliothèque de philosophie scientifique A library is a collection of books, and possibly other materials and media, that is accessible for use by its members and members of allied institutions. Libraries provide physical (hard copies) or digital (soft copies) materials, and may be a p ...

, 1910) * ''La Fleur des histoires françaises'' (1911) * ''Jeanne d'Arc'' (1911) * (1912) * ''Études diplomatiques. La Politique de l'équilibre, 1907-1911'' (1912) * ''Histoire de la nation française'' (1913) * ''La France vivante. En Amérique du Nord'' (1913) * ''Études diplomatiques. 2e série. La guerre des Balkans et l'Europe, 1912-1913'' (1914) * ''Les Villes martyres. Les falaises de l'Aisne'' (1915) * ''Pendant la grande guerre, I (août-décembre 1914) : études diplomatiques et historiques'' (1916) * ''L'Énigme de Charleroi'' (1917), l'Édition Française Illustrée, Paris * ''L'Aisne pendant la Grande guerre'' (1919) * ''Circuits des champs de bataille de France, histoire et itinéraires de la Grande guerre'' (1919) * ''De l'histoire et des historiens'' (1919) * ''Le Traité de Versailles du 28 juin 1919. L'Allemagne et l'Europe'' (1919) * ''Joffre'' (avec le lieutenant-colonel Fabry) (1921) * ''La Bataille de la Marne'' (1922) * ''Georges Vicaire. 1853-1921'' (1922) * ''Histoire illustrée de la guerre de 1914'', with illustrations by

Auguste-Louis Lepère Louis-Auguste Lepère (30 November 1849 – 20 November 1918) was a French painter and etcher. Lepère is also considered a leader in the creative revival of wood engraving in Europe. Biography Louis-Auguste Lepère was born in Paris. At the ag ...

Texte intégral
(1924) * ''Bibliophiles'' (1924) * ''Le Général Mangin'' (1925) * ''La Renaissance provençale. La Provence niçoise'' (1928) * ''Préface'' des ''Mémoires'' of , Plon, Paris (1928) * ''Histoire des colonies françaises et de l'expansion de la France dans le monde'' (1929-1934), with Alfred Martineau (Volume II ''Algérie''
available online
* ''Le Maréchal Foch ou l'homme de guerre'' (1929) * ''Regards sur l'Égypte et la Palestine'' (1929) * ''En Belgique par les pays dévastés'' (1931) * ''Histoire de la nation égyptienne'' (1931-1940) * ''L'Art religieux ancien dans le comté de Nice et en Provence'' (1932) * ''À propos de l'histoire'' (with

Paul Valéry Ambroise Paul Toussaint Jules Valéry (; 30 October 1871 – 20 July 1945) was a French poet, essayist, and philosopher. In addition to his poetry and fiction (drama and dialogues), his interests included aphorisms on art, history, letters, m ...

) (1933) * ''Mon temps'' (1935-1947) * ''Pour l'Empire colonial français'' (1935) * ''Raymond Poincaré'' (1935) Four volumes of his memoir, ''Mon Temps'' were published between 1933 and 1947. He edited the ''Instructions des ambassadeurs de France à Rome, depuis les traités de Westphalie'' (1888).

Notes

References

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Hanotaux, Gabriel 1853 births 1944 deaths People from Aisne Opportunist Republicans Foreign ministers of France Ministers of the overseas of France Members of the 4th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of Parliament for Aisne Ambassadors of France to the Holy See 19th-century French historians 20th-century French historians French male writers 19th-century French male writers École Nationale des Chartes alumni Members of the Académie Française Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour Burials at Passy Cemetery