Handan

Handan is a prefecture-level city located in the southwest of Hebei province, China. The southernmost prefecture-level city of the province, it borders Xingtai on the north, and the provinces of Shanxi on the west, Henan on the south and Shandong on the east. At the 2010 census, its population was 9,174,683 inhabitants whom 2,845,790 lived in the built-up (''or metro'') area made of 5 urban districts. Yongnian District in Handan and Shahe City in Xingtai have largely formed into a single conurbation.

Handan is one of the oldest cities in China, first settled around 6500 BC by the Cishan culture. Throughout the city's long history, it contributed significantly to Chinese culture, serving as the capital of State of Zhao, was northern China's political, economic and cultural center, and home to Tai chi and the first compass, made from stones collected in the nearby Mount Ci (magnet mountain). Handan is designated as one of China's National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities.

Etymology

The city's name, Handan ( zh, c=, links=no), has remained unchanged for over 3,000 years. The name first appeared during the reign of King Zhou of Shang, in the chronicle ''Bamboo Annals''.

A dictionary from the Tang dynasty explained that "Han" ( zh, c=, links=no) is the name of a nearby mountain ( Hanshan), and "Dan" ( zh, c=, links=no) meant "the terminus of a mountain" with an added radical ( zh, c=, links=no) denoting a city. Together, "Handan" means "the city at the terminus of Mount Han". This explanation has been widely accepted until the discoveries of jade writings in Houma, Shanxi in 1965, where the "Dan" in Handan was spelt "", meaning red. This then lead to another explanation that Handan was named so because Mount Han appeared reddish-purple in color.

The different spellings of the city's name consolidated into the modern spelling in Qin dynasty.

History

Ancient China

According to the ''Bamboo Annals'', during the late Shang dynasty, the kings constructed palaces in the Handan area, with a time span of 3,050 to 3,100 years ago. In the early Western Zhou period, during the reign of King Cheng of Zhou, Handan was part of the Bei state and was inhabited by Wu Geng, the son of the last king of Shang. Later, it came under the control of the state of Wey. In 661 BCE, the Di people conquered Handan and ruled it for over 40 years after destroying Wey. In 588 BCE, the Jin state defeated the Di, and Handan was incorporated into Jin. In 546 BCE, after Wey's restoration, a rebellion forced members of the Wey royal family to flee to Handan for refuge. This event is recorded in '' The Spring and Autumn Annals'' (Guliang Commentary).

During the Warring States period (5th–3rd centuries BCE), Handan is an important city of the state of Zhao. In 386 BCE, Marquess Jing of Zhao officially relocated the capital to Handan and initiated large-scale construction. It was their second capital, after Zhongmu. It remained the capital for 158 years, until Zhao was conquered by the Qin. King Wuling of Zhao turned Zhao into one of the Qin state's most stalwart foes, pioneering the use of walls to secure new frontiers (which would inspire the eventual construction of the Great Wall of China). The city was conquered by the State of Qin after the virtual annexation of Zhao by Qin in 228 BCE, except for the Dai Commandery.

Imperial China

The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, was born in Handan. His father King Zhuangxiang of Qin, had been a political hostage in Handan before ascending the throne of Qin, and his mother, Queen Dowager Zhao, was a Handan native.

At the beginning of the Han dynasty, Handan was Liu Bang's base for suppressing Chen Xi's rebellion in 197 and 196 BCE.
By the late Western Han period, Handan remained one of the five major cities in the country, covering an urban area of 13.6 square kilometers with a population of over 150,000. Its handicrafts, commerce, and iron smelting industries were highly developed.
In the late Western Han, a peasant uprising erupted, and Wang Lang launched a rebellion in the Handan area in support of the peasant army. After Liu Xiu, the founding emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty, raised an army in Hebei, he captured Handan and downgraded it to Handan County, marking the first time the city was demoted from a capital to a county seat. This began Handan's decline. By the late Eastern Han period, Yuan Shao seized control of Hebei and established Ye, which gradually replaced Handan and rose to prominence. Note that Ye is still contained in Handan Prefecture nowadays, located in the current Linzhang County.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao established his base in Ye, marking the rise of Ye City. After the founding of the Cao Wei state, Ye became the northern capital of Wei, serving as the political center of northern China. The construction of the Wei capital was renowned for its symmetrical design along a central axis, and iconic structures such as the Bronze Bird Terrace.

In the late Western Jin period, northern China fell into chaos during the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians, and Handan was occupied by various non-Han ethnic groups, such as the Xianbei and Jie people, leaving the city in ruins.

During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, Ye City in Linzhang served successively as the capital for Later Zhao, Ran Wei, Former Yan, and later the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi during the Northern Dynasties, spanning a total of 364 years.
In 580, the Northern Zhou general Yuchi Jiong, stationed in Ye, launched a rebellion against Yang Jian but was defeated, leading to the destruction of the ancient city of Ye by fire.

During the late Sui dynasty, Handan became the center of activities for Dou Jiande's rebel army in Hebei. Dou Jiande established Guangfu, which is in current Yongnian, Handan, as the capital of the short-lived Xia regime.

Under the Tang dynasty, Handan was incorporated into Mingzhou and Cizhou. Meanwhile, Weizhou in the region began to rise in prominence and was later renamed Daming Prefecture, which is the current Daming County in Handan.
By 621, Daming had emerged as the central city north of the Yellow River.

During the An Lushan rebellion, Ye has been a base for An Qingxu. There was the famous Battle of Ye, after which An Qingxu was killed by Shi Siming.

In 923, Li Cunxu ascended the throne in Daming, proclaiming himself emperor and establishing the Later Tang dynasty, known historically as Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang.

During the Song dynasty, in response to the Liao invasion, Daming Prefecture was elevated to serve as the auxiliary capital to the main capital (present-day Kaifeng). At its peak, the city had a population of over one million, with a bustling trade that attracted merchants from as far as the Western Regions.

In the late Northern Song period, the Jurchen Jin dynasty invaded the Central Plains. In the Handan region, locals joined Wang Yan’s "Bazijun" guerrilla force in the Taihang Mountains, resisting the Jin for decades until the southern campaign of Wanyan Liang. Due to the prolonged warfare, Handan fell into decline and was eventually submerged by flooding. The ruins of Song-era Handan remain preserved beneath four meters of Yellow River silt.

After the Jin dynasty fell to the Mongol Empire, Handan was incorporated into the Mongol realm. During the early Yuan dynasty, it was part of the capital region of Dadu (modern-day Beijing). However, in the later Yuan period, the area suffered from frequent flooding and locust plagues, leaving the population in hardship.

In 1368, with the establishment of the Ming dynasty, the Handan area was placed under the jurisdiction of Northern Zhili. It was governed by the prefectures of Guangping and Daming. Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang implemented a resettlement policy, relocating impoverished families from Shanxi to Daming and Guangping, revitalizing the region after its decline during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

In the late Ming period, influenced by Li Zicheng, the people of Handan staged uprisings. In 1644, after the Qing army crossed the Great Wall and entered the Central Plains, local resistance, led by Zhang Zhibang, fought against the invaders but was brutally suppressed. Under the Qing, the administrative structure remained similar to that of the Ming, with the area still called Zhili. Daming Prefecture served as the seat of the Zhili Governor-General, while Handan County remained under Guangping Prefecture, which functioned as the political and economic center of southern Hebei and northern Henan during the Ming and Qing periods.

Modern China

In 1928, Zhili was renamed Hebei Province, and Handan came under direct provincial administration. During the Warlord Era, Handan became a contested site between the Zhili and Anhui warlords. In 1927, a Communist Party branch was established in Handan, and the region was embroiled in the Central Plains War. By the mid-1940s, Handan had declined to a small commercial town, covering only 1 square kilometer with a population of about 28,000.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the former headquarters of the Eighth Route Army’s 129th Division, also known as the Liu- Deng Army Headquarters, is located in She County, within Handan.
Following Japan’s defeat in 1945, Handan was designated a city and served as the seat of the Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu (晋冀鲁豫) Border Region Government.
In October 1945, during the Chongqing Negotiations, the National Revolutionary Army advanced north along the railway, passing through Communist-controlled areas. Armed conflict broke out, leading to the Handan Campaign. By November, the Communist forces achieved a decisive victory, consolidating the North China Liberated Zone into a unified territory.
In 1946, the Chinese Communist Party’s Central Bureau of the Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu region planned to launch a major official newspaper in Handan. Initially considered names included Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu Daily and Taihang Daily, but Mao Zedong suggested the title People's Daily. Although the inaugural issue was printed on May 15, 1946, in Xibaipo, the project originated in Handan, and the publication became known as the “Handan Edition of the People’s Daily (人民日报邯郸版).”

On December 22, 1952, Handan was reestablished as a city and became a provincial city in 1954. In 1956, Fengfeng City was merged into Handan, followed by the incorporation of Handan County in 1983. In 1984, Handan was again designated a provincial city, and Wu'an (later Wu'an City) was annexed in 1986.

Handan maintained a reputation for its fine Cizhou ware well into the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). It was also the birthplace in the 19th century of Yang-style tai chi, one of Tai Chi's five major schools.

Though much of Handan's ancient history is no longer visible, it still has some attractions, deriving from the many Chinese idioms that the city inspired, such as the road into which Lin Xiangru, courier of the precious Heshibi, backed in order to let his nemesis Lian Po pass first, as well as the location in which Lian Po begged for Lin Xiangru's forgiveness. Modern-day Congtai Park is located on the site of the historical Zhao court. Next to Congtai Park is the legendary "Xuebu Bridge" (), or "Learning to Walk Bridge". Legend has it that a noble from the state of Yan heard of a particularly elegant manner of walking unique to Handan. Arriving in Handan, he spent weeks trying to master the Handan style of walking on a bridge, only to fail. In the process, however, he had forgotten how to walk normally and had to crawl back to Yan. This story inspired the Chinese expression, " to learn the walk of Handan" (, ''Hándān xué bù''), which means learning something difficult too intensely, thereby forgetting the basics in the process.

The nearby Xiangtangshan Caves contain massive Buddha statues carved into the mountainside, some dating to the 6th century, many of which were severely damaged by invading Japanese forces during World War II. At that time, Handan was prized by the Japanese invaders for its coal reserves.
Many parts of the Buddhist statues are now in museums arouns the world. For example, several parts are currently in Metropolitan Museum of Art, The San Diego Museum of Art, and Penn Museum.
See for a complete list.

In 2007, Handan was the location of China's largest-ever bank robbery.

Administration

The population at the 2010 census was 941,427 for the 3 urban districts, 2,845,790 for the built up area and 9,174,683 for the entire Prefecture-level city area of .

The municipal executive, legislative and judiciary are situated in Congtai District (, Cóngtái Qū), as well as the CPC and Public Security bureaux.

Climate

Handan has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate/semi-arid climate (Köppen ''Dwa/BSk''), with strong monsoonal influence, typical of the North China Plain. The normal monthly daily mean temperature ranges from in January to in July, while the annual mean temperature is . A majority of the normal annual precipitation of occurs in July and August.

Economy

Handan has witnessed rapid growth over the past 20 years. Industrial growth in the city has focused on communication and transport activities. Handan is a major producer of coal and steel, with Coal mines at Fengfeng providing power for Handan's iron, steel and textile mills. Chemical and cement plants along with other industries also benefit. Local agriculture produces maize, pomegranates and eggs. Handan also has a growing services sector, with retail, banking and trading making up 40% of the economy. The GDP per capita in Renminbi was estimated at ¥13,449 in 2005. In 2015, the figure wa
¥33,554.87

Air pollution

According to a survey by "Global voices China" in February 2013, Handan was one of China's most polluted cities due to heavy industrial outputs.

However the government has made a significant effort to make the city cleaner, which involved closing down many polluting power plants. It is no longer the most polluted city, and, according to a 2016 government survey, the number of good air quality days i

days, an increase of 135 days compared with 2013.

Tourism

Handan Prefecture is home to the AAAAA tourist attractions Guangfu Ancient City and the Nüwa Imperial Palace.
Handan Prefecture is also home to the Xiangtangshan Caves.

Transportation

Handan is served by Handan Airport. Handan has two main train stations: one is Handan railway station which serves for the normal speed train, the other is named Handandong railway station, which serves for the high speed train.

Demographics

Ethnic minorities

According to Handan government in 2007, 40 ethnic groups were present in Handan. Ethnic minorities represent 50,000 people, among which 48,000 Hui. There are 22 Hui schools and 5 Hui junior high schools in Handan.

Religion

The most widespread religion in Handan is Chinese folk religion, including Taoism and Buddhism.

In 2013, there were more than 150,000 Catholics in Handan according to the Catholic Church, in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Yongnian. Mother of Grace Cathedral in Daming County was built in 1918. The most recent church was built in 2007.

There are also 300,000 Protestants. The largest Protestant church is on Qianjin Avenue ( zh, labels=no, s=邯郸市西堂) and was built in 1997. The oldest church was on Congtai Street and was built in 1920. The church was destroyed in 2009 by the local government. A new church was built in 2011.

According to the local government 30,000 Hui Muslims live in the prefecture of Handan.

Culture

Idioms

Handan is hailed as the capital of Chinese idioms. As a prosperous city and cultural center during the Warring States period, Handan attracted many scholars. Over 1,500 idioms and proverbs are attributed to the city. The following are some of the most well known idioms.

* (literally: "to study the walking method of Handan"), meaning to badly imitate others, and lose one's individuality in the process.
* (literally: "millet dream"), meaning a pipe dream.
* (literally: "stand upright on one's two legs between heaven and earth"), meaning to be fiercely independent.
* (literally: "to besiege the State of Wei to rescue the State of Zhao"), meaning to relieve a besieged ally by attacking the besiegers.
* (literally: "musn't speak of the two things on the same day"), meaning incomparable.
* (literally: "a bird frightened by the mere sound of shooting arrows"), a panic-stricken person.
* (literally: "when the snipe and the oyster fight, it is the fisherman that wins"), when two parties fight, it is always the third one who wins. King of Yan sent a representative to King Hui of Zhao to relay this message in order for him to rethink his plans of war.
* (literally: "drawn out and protracted"), meaning to be protracted.
* (literally: " returning the Jade to Zhao"), meaning to return something to its owner in good condition.
* (literally: "to be worth numerous contiguous cities"), meaning priceless.
* (literally: "one's hair raised to the hat in anger"), meaning to be furious.
* (literally: "carrying thorned grass and pleading guilt"), meaning to offer someone a humble apology.
* (literally: "to discuss military tactics on paper"), meaning to be an armchair strategist.
* (literally: "green is born of blue, but beats blue"), meaning to outmaster the teacher.

Notable people

* Lian Po, a military general of Zhao. Regarded one of the four greatest generals of the Warring States period.
* Lin Xiangru, politician of the Warring States period. He's featured in two idioms, "Returning the Jade to Zhao" and "Carrying Thorned Grass and Pleading Guilt".
* Xun Kuang, Confucianism philosopher.
* Xu Huaizhong, novelist.
* Qin Shi Huang, founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first Emperor of China.
* Cao Cao, Han chancellor, poet, and warlord. One of the central figures of the Three Kingdoms period.
* Huang Hua, senior Communist Chinese revolutionary. The county-level city of Huanghua, Cangzhou, was named after him.
* Feng Jianming, literature scholar.
* Fang Lijun, an artist based in Beijing.
* Yang Luchan, martial arts teacher.
* Deng Shu, father of Teresa Teng. He was a soldier of the Republic of China Armed Forces.
* Sun Qingmei, football player.
* Zhao Shi, football player.
* Zhang Weili, mixed martial artist, ring name "Magnum". She is the first ever Chinese and East Asian champion in UFC history.
* Chang Yongxiang, wrestler.

Sister cities

* Kryvyi Rih, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine
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* Inari, Finland

References

External links

City of Handan, Official site

{{Authority control

Cities in Hebei
Prefecture-level divisions of Hebei
National Civilized City
National Famous Historical and Cultural City