Hanafi Teregulov or Muhammed Hanafi Teregulov (19 November 1877,

Tiflis Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი, ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), ( ka, ტფილისი, tr ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Georgia (country), largest city of Georgia ( ...

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

- 18 December 1942,

Baku Baku (, ; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Azerbaijan, largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and in the Caucasus region. Baku is below sea level, which makes it the List of capital ci ...

USSR The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

) was an Azerbaijani (

Tatar Tatar may refer to: Peoples * Tatars, an umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar" * Volga Tatars, a people from the Volga-Ural region of western Russia * Crimean Tatars, a people from the Crimea peninsula by the B ...

origin)

opera singer Opera is a form of Western theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a composer and a lib ...

choirmaster A choir ( ), also known as a chorale or chorus (from Latin ''chorus'', meaning 'a dance in a circle') is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music written specifically for such an ensemble to perform or in other words ...

teacher A teacher, also called a schoolteacher or formally an educator, is a person who helps students to acquire knowledge, competence, or virtue, via the practice of teaching. ''Informally'' the role of teacher may be taken on by anyone (e.g. w ...

revolutionary A revolutionary is a person who either participates in, or advocates for, a revolution. The term ''revolutionary'' can also be used as an adjective to describe something producing a major and sudden impact on society. Definition The term—bot ...

Life

Born on , 1877, in Tiflis in the family of an impoverished honorary citizen of Tiflis Hasan Safarovich Teregulov and Rabiyya khanum Akmayeva. He studied in the Transcaucasian Teachers Seminary. At the seminary, he and his brother Ali Teregulov became friends with

Uzeyir Hajibeyov Uzeyir bey Abdulhuseyn bey oghlu Hajibeyov (18 September 188523 November 1948) was an Azerbaijanis, Azerbaijani composer, musicologist and teacher. He is recognized as the father of Azerbaijani classical music. He composed the music of the Az� ...

(1885-1948) and Muslim Magomayev (future Azerbaijani composers). Uzeyir and Muslim married their sisters (Maleyka and Badiguljamal).

Tsarism Tsarist autocracy (), also called Tsarism, was an autocracy, a form of absolute monarchy in the Grand Duchy of Moscow and its successor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire. In it, the Tsar possessed in principle authority and ...

tried in every possible way to instill in the students of the seminary the spirit of loyalty, but nevertheless, among certain circles of seminarians, a revolutionary mood and interest in the ideas of

Marxism Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflict, ...

began to appear. Among this group were the Teregulov brothers. After graduating from the seminary, Teregulov taught in the village of

Ashtarak Ashtarak ( ) is a town in the Ashtarak Municipality of the Aragatsotn Province of Armenia, located on the left bank of Kasagh River along the gorge, 20 kms northwest of the capital Yerevan. It is the administrative centre of the province and an i ...

in the former

Erivan Governorate The Erivan Governorate was a province ('' guberniya'') of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with its centеr in Erivan (present-day Yerevan). Its area was 27,830 sq. kilometеrs, roughly corresponding to what is now most of central ...

. At the beginning of the 20th century, Teregulov moved to

, where he put a lot of effort into opening Russian-Tatar schools. It is with the city of Baku that many years of its multifaceted socio-political and artistic activities are connected. Even when he was a student of the Transcaucasian Teacher's Seminary, together with Hajibeyov, Magomayev, brother Ali and others, he performed in student performances. After graduating from the seminary, he participated in amateur performances of the Caspian-Black Sea Society for the children of workers as a choirmaster, director and actor. In 1902, at the suggestion of

Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...

artists, he joined the amateur troupe "Working theater of railway workers" at the Baku railway depot. This troupe gained wide popularity among the Baku proletariat, as it actively preached the advanced ideas of its time, promoted the works of Russian classics. Here he played many roles in the dramatic works of

Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol; ; (; () was a Russian novelist, short story writer, and playwright of Ukrainian origin. Gogol used the grotesque in his writings, for example, in his works " The Nose", " Viy", "The Overcoat", and " Nevsky Prosp ...

, Ostrovsky, Gorky. The Workers' Theater of the Railway Workers was in those years a kind of secret apartment for the revolutionaries. It is here that the young teacher and artist gets his revolutionary hardening. In December 1905, an organization of students - Azerbaijanis called ''Uhuvvet'' (Brotherhood) was created, in which the hummetists M. Azizbekov, Kh. Teregulov, M. B. Akhundov and others conducted social democratic agitation. Fulfilling the orders of the party, he often travels to

Grozny Grozny (, ; ) is the capital city of Chechnya, Russia. The city lies on the Sunzha River. According to the 2021 Russian census, 2021 census, it had a population of 328,533 — up from 210,720 recorded in the 2002 Russian Census, 2002 ce ...

Vladikavkaz Vladikavkaz, formerly known as Ordzhonikidze () or Dzaudzhikau (), is the capital city of North Ossetia–Alania, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the republic at the foothills of the Caucasus, situated on the Terek (river), Terek River. ...

and

Rostov Rostov-on-Don is a port city and the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. It lies in the southeastern part of the East European Plain on the Don River, from the Sea of Azov, directly north of t ...

, where he conducts underground propaganda work, distributes literature banned by the authorities, in particular the Iskra newspaper. During the period of Hajibeyov's studies at the St. Petersburg Conservatory, Mammad Hanafi Teregulov, together with Abdul-Muslim Magomayev and

Huseyngulu Sarabski Huseyngulu Sarabski (), born Hüseynqulu Malik oğlu Rzayev (20 March 1879 – 16 February 1945), was an Azerbaijani opera singer (tenor), composer, playwright, stage actor, theatre director, and musician (tar). Early life Sarabski was born to p ...

, was at the head of the young Azerbaijani opera. Following the advice and instructions of Uzeyir Hajibeyov from

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...

, young leaders strengthened their theater, persistently raised the level of its performing culture.

Creativity

The former teacher of the so-called "Russian-Tatar" school and teaching singing among other academic disciplines, together with Abdul-Muslim Magomayev put a lot of effort into organizing the Azerbaijani opera choir. They attracted musically gifted students from various educational institutions to participate in it. Soon after the creation of the Azerbaijani musical theater, he became its choirmaster. In a relatively short period of time, he managed to achieve excellent results: if in 1910 reviewers wrote more than once about the weakness of the choir, then a year later the Baku press noted great advances in its work. Since the emergence of the Azerbaijani musical theater, he has firmly connected his fate with it. He takes a great part in the production of the first national opera. Possessing, according to modern newspapers, "a not bad baritone", he immediately became one of the leading Azerbaijani opera actors and, as the newspapers emphasized, "in a short time of his artistic activity ... he managed to gain great popularity". So, in the newspaper "Kaspiy" dated November 14, 1910, it was said: In the Azerbaijani operas of Uzeyir Hajibeyov, Teregulov played Nofal in the opera " Leyla and Majun", Mestaver in the opera " hah Abbas and Khurshud Banu", and Black Priest in the opera "Asli and Karam" and Nofel, in the role of father Khumar, the heroine of the opera "Sheikh Sanan". In the premiere of “Arshin Mal Alan”, which took place on October 25, 1913, in the Baku theater of Haji Zeynalabdin Tagiyev (stage director G. Arablinsky), the role of Asker was played by Huseyngulu Sarabski, Gulchohry by Ahmed Agdamski, Sultan Bey by Alekber Huseynzade, Suleiman by Hanifa Teregulov. The modern press highly appreciated his artistic activity. Even before the revolution, his name was often found on the pages of the Theater and Art magazine, published in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Political activity

After the February Revolution of 1917, together with his brother Ali, he created the

Bolshevik The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, were a radical Faction (political), faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, ...

organization ''Birlik'' (Unity) in

, which included mainly Tatar workers from the Baku oil fields, and, as the Chairman of this organization, was elected to the composition Baku Committee of the RSDLP(b). Together with the Gummet organization, Birlik was part of the all-Baku organization of the RSDLP (b). In March 1919, he was elected to the

Astrakhan Astrakhan (, ) is the largest city and administrative centre of Astrakhan Oblast in southern Russia. The city lies on two banks of the Volga, in the upper part of the Volga Delta, on eleven islands of the Caspian Depression, from the Caspian Se ...

Bureau of the Gummet organization of the RCP(b). During these years, he took part in the battles with the counter-revolution in Urda, then went to party work in Orenburg, where he headed the Commission for Combating the Counter-Revolution, traveling in connection with this far beyond the borders of the Orenburg province. In 1920 he returned to Baku and was actively involved in the social and cultural life of the city. In this time he worked as a: * Head of the Department of Arts of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan. * The first organizer and head of the Azerbaijan Photo-Cinema Administration (AFKU), which was created in 1923 in Baku under the People's Commissariat for Education of the Republic. * Under his leadership, the first full-length feature film in the republic "The Legend of the Maiden's Tower" (1923, directed by Vlad. Ballyuzek) was shot at the Baku Film Studio, which was transformed on his initiative, where he himself played one of the main roles - the role of the khan of Baku. He died in Baku in 1942.

Awards

* For active revolutionary and cultural and educational activities, he was twice awarded the title of "Hero of Labor" * On April 4, 1978, a scientific session was held at the Institute of Party History under the Central Committee of Azerbaijan, a branch of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of his birth.

References

Source

* {{cite book , first=Aydın, last=Kazımzadə, authorlink=, title=Bizim "Azərbaycanfilm", publisher=Mütərcim , year=2004 , isbn= , url= 1877 births 20th-century Azerbaijani male actors 1942 deaths Soviet male silent film actors Azerbaijani male silent film actors 20th-century Azerbaijani male opera singers Azerbaijani people of Tatar descent Transcaucasian Teachers Seminary alumni