Halictus Constrictus

The genus ''Halictus'' is a large assemblage of bee species in the family Halictidae. The genus is divided into 15 subgenera, some of dubious monophyly, containing over 200 species, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere (a few species occur in South America, Asia and Africa). Most species are black or dark brown, sometimes metallic greenish-tinted, with apical whitish abdominal bands on the terga (the related genus '' Lasioglossum'', which is otherwise often similar in appearance, has the abdominal hair bands located basally, not apically).

Many species in the genus are eusocial, with colony sizes range from very small (two to four bees) to large (>200). Nests are typically burrows in the soil, with several ovoid "cells" in which pollen mixed with nectar is provided as food for the developing larvae; a single egg is laid on a pollen mass, and the cell is sealed. In a few species, the cells are arranged in clusters resembling a honeycomb, but constructed of soil rather than beeswax. Like most ground-nesting bees, the brood cells are lined internally with a waterproofing secretion.

A few species in the genus have extensive geographic distribution, such as '' Halictus rubicundus'', which spans virtually the entire Holarctic region. Previously, ''Halictus ligatus'' was considered to range from Canada to Venezuela, including the Caribbean. However, genetic data show that there are at least three species previously considered within this one. One of them is restricted to Southeastern USA and the Caribbean, one is Central American, and true '' H. ligatus'' is found in northern and western North America. Common European species include '' Halictus quadricinctus'' and '' Halictus sexcinctus'', as well as '' H. rubicundus''. ''H. rubicundus'' is solitary at high altitudes and latitudes but has eusocial colonies in warmer areas.

Species

Species within this genus include:IT IS Report
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*'' Halictus acrocephalus'' Blüthgen, 1926
*'' Halictus adjikenticus'' Blüthgen, 1923
*'' Halictus aegypticola'' Strand, 1909
*'' Halictus aeneobrunneus'' Pérez, 1895
*'' Halictus aerarius'' Smith, 1873
*'' Halictus aestuans'' Ebmer, 1978
*''Halictus albozonatus'' Dours, 1872
*''Halictus alfkenellus'' Strand, 1909
*'' Halictus argilos'' Ebmer, 2005
*'' Halictus asperatus'' Bingham, 1898
*'' Halictus asperulus'' Pérez, 1895
*''Halictus atripes'' Morawitz, 1893
*''Halictus atroviridis'' Cameron, 1906
*''Halictus bagirensis'' Blüthgen, 1936
*'' Halictus balearicus'' Pérez, 1903
*''Halictus berlandi'' Blüthgen, 1936
*'' Halictus beytueschebapensis'' Warncke, 1984
*''Halictus brunnescens'' (Eversmann, 1852)
*'' Halictus bucharicus'' Blüthgen, 1936
*''Halictus bulbiceps'' Blüthgen, 1929
*'' Halictus caelestis'' Ebmer, 1976
*'' Halictus carinthiacus'' Blüthgen, 1936
*''Halictus centaureae'' Ebmer, 1985
*'' Halictus centrosus'' Vachal, 1910
*'' Halictus cephalicus'' Morawitz, 1873
*'' Halictus chalybaeus'' Friese, 1910
*'' Halictus clangulus'' Warncke, 1984
*'' Halictus cochlearitarsis'' Dours, 1872
*''Halictus compressus'' (Walckenaer, 1802)
*'' Halictus concinnus'' Brullé, 1840
*'' Halictus confusus'' Smith, 1853
*''Halictus consobrinus'' Pérez, 1895
*''Halictus constantinensis'' Strand, 1910
*'' Halictus constrictus'' Smith, 1853
*'' Halictus crenicornis'' Blüthgen, 1923
*''Halictus cupidus'' Vachal, 1902
*''Halictus cyanellus'' (Pauly, 2008)
*'' Halictus cypricus'' Blüthgen, 1937
*'' Halictus cyrenaicus'' Blüthgen, 1930
*'' Halictus desertorum'' Morawitz, 1876
*'' Halictus determinandus'' Dalla Torre, 1896
*'' Halictus diductus'' Cockerell, 1932
*'' Halictus dissidens'' Pérez, 1903
*''Halictus dorni'' Ebmer, 1982
*'' Halictus dschulfensis'' Blüthgen, 1936
*''Halictus duplocinctus'' Vachal, 1902
*'' Halictus expertus'' Cockerell, 1916
*''Halictus falcinellus'' Warncke, 1982
*'' Halictus farinosus'' Smith, 1853
*''Halictus fatsensis'' Blüthgen, 1936
*''Halictus ferreotus'' Fan, 1991
*'' Halictus fimbriatus'' Smith, 1853
*'' Halictus foanus'' Vachal, 1899
*'' Halictus frontalis'' Smith, 1853
*''Halictus fulvipes'' (Klug, 1817)
*'' Halictus fumatipennis'' Blüthgen, 1923
*'' Halictus funerarius'' Morawitz, 1876
*''Halictus fuscicollis'' Morawitz, 1876
*''Halictus gavarnicus'' Pérez, 1903
*'' Halictus gemmeus'' Dours, 1872
*''Halictus georgicus'' Blüthgen, 1936
*'' Halictus gobiensis'' Ebmer, 1982
*'' Halictus gordius'' Warncke, 1975
*''Halictus graecus'' Blüthgen, 1933
*''Halictus grossellus'' Ebmer, 1978
*'' Halictus gruenwaldti'' Ebmer, 1975
*'' Halictus harmonius'' Sandhouse, 1941
*'' Halictus hedini'' Blüthgen, 1934
*'' Halictus hermon'' Ebmer, 1975
*'' Halictus hesperus'' Smith, 1862
*''Halictus holomelaenus'' Blüthgen, 1936
*'' Halictus hotoni'' Vachal, 1903
*'' Halictus humkalensis'' Blüthgen, 1936
*''Halictus icarus'' Ebmer, 1978
*''Halictus indefinitus'' Blüthgen, 1923
*'' Halictus inpilosus'' Ebmer, 1975
*'' Halictus intumescens'' Pérez, 1895
*'' Halictus iridicolor'' Cameron, 1905
*'' Halictus jaramielicus'' Blüthgen, 1923
*'' Halictus jucundus'' Smith, 1853
*'' Halictus kessleri'' Bramson, 1879
*'' Halictus kuhlmanni'' (Pauly, 2008)
*'' Halictus kuschkensis'' Ebmer, 1975
*'' Halictus kusdasi'' Ebmer, 1975
*'' Halictus lanei'' (Moure, 1940)
*'' Halictus langobardicus'' Blüthgen, 1944
*'' Halictus laticephalus'' Warncke, 1984
*'' Halictus latisignatus'' Cameron, 1908
*''Halictus leleji'' (Pesenko, 2006)
*'' Halictus leucaheneus'' Ebmer, 1972
*''Halictus ligatus'' Say, 1837
*'' Halictus lobatus'' Ebmer, 1978
*''Halictus lucidipennis'' Smith, 1853
*''Halictus luganicus'' Blüthgen, 1936
*'' Halictus lussinicus'' Blüthgen, 1936
*''Halictus lutescens'' Friese, 1921
*'' Halictus maculatus'' Smith, 1848
*''Halictus magnus'' Ebmer, 1980
*'' Halictus mediterranellus'' Strand, 1909
*'' Halictus microcardia'' Pérez, 1896
*''Halictus minor'' Morawitz, 1876
*'' Halictus modernus'' Morawitz, 1876
*'' Halictus mogrensis'' Cockerell, 1945
*'' Halictus mondaensis'' Blüthgen, 1923
*'' Halictus mongolicus'' Morawitz, 1880
*'' Halictus monochromus'' Dalla Torre, 1896
*'' Halictus morawitzi'' Vachal, 1902
*'' Halictus mordacella'' Blüthgen, 1929
*''Halictus mordax'' Blüthgen, 1923
*''Halictus mucidus'' Blüthgen, 1923
*'' Halictus mucoreus'' Eversmann, 1852
*'' Halictus mugodjaricus'' Blüthgen, 1933
*'' Halictus multicarinatus'' Niu, Wu & Huang, 2004
*''Halictus nadigi'' Blüthgen, 1934
*''Halictus nasica'' Morawitz, 1876
*''Halictus nicosiae'' Blüthgen, 1923
*''Halictus nigricutis'' Warncke, 1975
*''Halictus nikolskayae'' (Pesenko, 2006)
*''Halictus nivalis'' Ebmer, 1985
*'' Halictus niveocinctulus'' Cockerell, 1940
*'' Halictus nuristanicus'' Pesenko, 2005
*''Halictus ochropus'' Blüthgen, 1923
*''Halictus opacoviridis'' Ebmer, 2005
*'' Halictus opulentus'' Benoist, 1950
*'' Halictus orientalis'' Lepeletier, 1841
*''Halictus palustris'' Morawitz, 1876
*'' Halictus parallelus'' Say, 1837
*'' Halictus paropamisos'' Ebmer, 1978
*'' Halictus patellatus'' Morawitz, 1873
*''Halictus pentheri'' Blüthgen, 1923
*'' Halictus persephone'' Ebmer, 1976
*'' Halictus petraeus'' Blüthgen, 1933
*'' Halictus pici'' Pérez, 1895
*''Halictus pinguismentus'' Janjic & Packer, 2001
*'' Halictus pjalmensis'' Strand, 1909
*''Halictus placidulus'' Blüthgen, 1923
*'' Halictus poeyi'' Lepeletier, 1841
*'' Halictus pollinosus'' Sichel, 1860
*''Halictus ponticus'' Blüthgen, 1934
*''Halictus propinquus'' Smith, 1853
*''Halictus pruinescens'' Cockerell, 1937
*'' Halictus pseudomucoreus'' Ebmer, 1975
*'' Halictus pseudotetrazonius'' Strand, 1921
*'' Halictus pseudovestitus'' Blüthgen, 1925
*'' Halictus pulvereus'' Morawitz, 1874
*'' Halictus pyrenaeus'' Pérez, 1903
*'' Halictus quadricinctoides'' Blüthgen, 1936
*'' Halictus quadricinctus'' (Fabricius, 1776)
*'' Halictus quadripartitus'' Blüthgen, 1923
*'' Halictus radoszkowskii'' Vachal, 1902
*''Halictus resurgens'' Nurse, 1903
*'' Halictus rossicus'' Ebmer, 1978
*'' Halictus rubicundus'' (Christ, 1791)
*''Halictus rudolphae'' Pesenko, 1984
*''Halictus rufipes'' (Fabricius, 1793)
*'' Halictus sajoi'' Blüthgen, 1923
*'' Halictus scabiosae'' (Rossi, 1790)
*''Halictus secundus'' Dalla Torre, 1896
*''Halictus seladonius'' (Fabricius, 1794)
*'' Halictus semitectus'' Morawitz, 1874
*'' Halictus semiticus'' Blüthgen, 1955
*'' Halictus senilis'' (Eversmann, 1852)
*'' Halictus sexcinctus'' (Fabricius, 1775)
*''Halictus simplex'' Blüthgen, 1923
*''Halictus smaragdulus'' Vachal, 1895
*''Halictus solitudinis'' Ebmer, 1975
*''Halictus squamosus'' Lebedev, 1910
*'' Halictus stachii'' Blüthgen, 1923
*'' Halictus subauratoides'' Blüthgen, 1926
*'' Halictus subauratus'' (Rossi, 1792)
*'' Halictus submodernus'' Blüthgen, 1936
*'' Halictus subpetraeus'' Blüthgen, 1933
*''Halictus subsenilis'' Blüthgen, 1955
*''Halictus surabadensis'' Ebmer, 1975
*'' Halictus takuiricus'' Blüthgen, 1936
*'' Halictus tectus'' Radoszkowski, 1875
*''Halictus tetrazonianellus'' Strand, 1909
*''Halictus tetrazonius'' (Klug, 1817)
*'' Halictus tibetanus'' Blüthgen, 1926
*'' Halictus tibialis'' Walker, 1871
*''Halictus togoensis'' Pauly, 1998
*'' Halictus transbaikalensis'' Blüthgen, 1933
*'' Halictus tridivisus'' Blüthgen, 1923
*''Halictus tripartitus'' Cockerell, 1895
*'' Halictus tsingtouensis'' Strand, 1910
*''Halictus tuberculatus'' Blüthgen, 1925
*'' Halictus tumulorum'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
*''Halictus turanicus'' Morawitz, 1893
*'' Halictus turkmenorum'' Pesenko, 1984
*''Halictus vansoni'' Cockerell, 1935
*''Halictus varentzowi'' Morawitz, 1894
*''Halictus verticalis'' Blüthgen, 1931
*'' Halictus vestitus'' Lepeletier, 1841
*''Halictus vicinus'' Vachal, 1894
*'' Halictus virgatellus'' Cockerell, 1901
*'' Halictus wjernicus'' Blüthgen, 1936
*'' Halictus wollmanni'' Blüthgen, 1933
*''Halictus xanthoprymnus'' Warncke, 1984
*''Halictus yunnanicus'' Pesenko & Wu, 1997

References

* Michener, C.D. (2007). ''The Bees of the World''. 2nd Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press.

External links

Halictus Identification GuideWorldwide Species Map

{{Eusociality

Bee genera
Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille