Jacques-Louis David The Coronation of Napoleon Halet Efendi detail

Mehmet Sait Halet Efendi (1761–1822) was an Ottoman

diplomat A diplomat (from ; romanization, romanized ''diploma'') is a person appointed by a state (polity), state, International organization, intergovernmental, or Non-governmental organization, nongovernmental institution to conduct diplomacy with one ...

and

politician A politician is a person who participates in Public policy, policy-making processes, usually holding an elective position in government. Politicians represent the people, make decisions, and influence the formulation of public policy. The roles ...

ambassador An ambassador is an official envoy, especially a high-ranking diplomat who represents a state and is usually accredited to another sovereign state or to an international organization as the resident representative of their own government or so ...

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...

from 1803 to 1806Mongan, p. 102–103. and later the favourite and Inner Minister of the

Sultan Sultan (; ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be use ...

Mahmud II Mahmud II (, ; 20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. Often described as the "Peter the Great of Turkey", Mahmud instituted extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms ...

. He was

to the court of

Napoleon I Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...

until 1806, and was succeeded in this role by Muhib Efendi, who was ambassador from 1806 to 1811. In 1819, Halet Efendi brought the attention of Sultan

to the power-grabbing activities of Ali Pasha in Ottoman Europe. As Mahmud II sent an army against Ali Pasha, the latter responded by encouraging a rebellion against Ottoman power in

Greece Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to th ...

. These event led to the catastrophic Greek insurrection in 1821. Considered by the Sultan as contributing to the rebellion, Halet was banished from the court before being assassinated in

Konya Konya is a major city in central Turkey, on the southwestern edge of the Central Anatolian Plateau, and is the capital of Konya Province. During antiquity and into Seljuk times it was known as Iconium. In 19th-century accounts of the city in En ...

, present-day Turkey, in November 1822. He was strangled and beheaded.Aksan (2007), ''Ottoman Wars'', p. 288.

Notes

References

* Inari Karsh, ''Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789-1923,'' Harvard University Press, 2001 * Agnes Mongan, Miriam Stewart, Fogg Art Museum, ''David to Corot: French drawings in the Fogg Art Museum,'' Harvard University Press, 1996 * Ambassadors of the Ottoman Empire to France 1761 births 1822 deaths 19th-century civil servants from the Ottoman Empire 19th-century diplomats Executed people from the Ottoman Empire 19th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire {{Turkey-politician-stub

See also

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References