The Hakka Transliteration Scheme or Pinfa refers to a romanization scheme published by the

Guangdong Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020 ...

Provincial Education Department in September 1960 as one of four systems collectively referred to as

Guangdong Romanization Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka and Hainanese. The schemes utilized similar elements with some diff ...

. The scheme describes the

Meixian dialect Meixian may refer to the following places in China: * Meixian District, a district in Meizhou, Guangdong ** Meixian dialect, the local dialect of Hakka spoken there * Mei County, also known as Meixian, a county in Shaanxi * Meixian, Fujian (), t ...

spoken in

Meizhou Meizhou (, Hakka Chinese: Mòichû) is a prefecture-level city in eastern Guangdong province, China. It has an area of , and a population of 3,873,239 million as of the 2020 census. It comprises Meijiang District, Meixian District, Xingning Ci ...

, Guangdong, which is considered to be the

prestige dialect Prestige refers to a good reputation or high esteem; in earlier usage, ''prestige'' meant "showiness". (19th c.) Prestige may also refer to: Arts, entertainment and media Films * ''Prestige'' (film), a 1932 American film directed by Tay Garnett ...

Hakka The Hakka (), sometimes also referred to as Hakka Han, or Hakka Chinese, or Hakkas are a Han Chinese subgroup whose ancestral homes are chiefly in the Hakka-speaking provincial areas of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hun ...

, and was later adapted for Gan and Xiang. This system utilizes the

Latin alphabet The Latin alphabet or Roman alphabet is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. Largely unaltered with the exception of extensions (such as diacritics), it used to write English and the ...

with superscript numbers to represent tone.

System

Letters

This system uses the

, excluding the letters and . It also adds the letter to represent �

Initials

There are 19 initials used, in addition to the null initial which occurs when no consonant is in the initial position. These are shown below: The letter which follows the consonants , and , represents �e.g. 資 ''zi¹'', 雌 ''ci¹'', 思 ''si¹''.

Finals

There are a total of 74 finals, shown below: 江, , iong ɔŋ央, , uong ɔŋ光 , - , , , iung uŋ雍, , ung ŋ工 , - , ab p鴨, , iab ap葉, , , - , êb �p粒, , , , , - , eb �p汁, , ib p邑, , , - , ad t八, , iad at乙, , uad at刮 , - , od �t遏, , , , , - , êd �t北, , iêd ɛt鱉, , uêd ɛt國 , - , ed �t質, , id t一, , , - , , , iud ut(郁) , , ud t骨 , - , ag k扼, , iag ak錫, , uag ak□ , - , og �k惡, , iog ɔk約, , uog ɔk郭 , - , , , iug uk育, , ug k督 , - , m 唔, , n 五, , In the instance where a final beginning with such as etc. without an initial consonant (null initial) the is replaced with , e.g. , , etc.

System

Letters

Initials

Finals

Tones

See also

References

Further reading