''Hakea'' ( ) is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of about 150 species of

flowering plants Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

in the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Proteaceae The Proteaceae form a family (biology), family of flowering plants predominantly distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises 83 genus, genera with about 1,660 known species. Australia and South Africa have the greatest concentr ...

'',

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

. They are shrubs or small trees with leaves that are sometimes flat, otherwise circular in cross section in which case they are sometimes divided. The flowers are usually arranged in groups in leaf axils and resemble those of other

genera Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...

, especially '' Grevillea''. Hakeas have woody

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (angiosperms) that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particular have long propaga ...

which distinguishes them from grevilleas which have non-woody fruit which release the seeds as they mature. Hakeas are found in every state of Australia with the highest species diversity being found in the south west of

Western Australia Western Australia (WA) is the westernmost state of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Aust ...

Description

Plants in the genus ''Hakea'' are shrubs or small trees. Some species have flat leaves, whilst others have leaves which are needle-like, in which case they are sometimes divided and sometimes have a groove on the lower surface. The flowers are arranged in groups in leaf axils and are surrounded by

bract In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves in size, color, shape or texture. They also lo ...

s when in bud. The flowers have both male and female parts and are borne on a short stalk called a pedicel. The

sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 Etymology The term ''sepalum'' ...

s and

petal Petals are modified leaves that form an inner whorl surrounding the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly coloured or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''corol ...

s, jointly called tepals, form a curved tube which sometimes splits open as the flower develops. The

style Style, or styles may refer to: Film and television * ''Style'' (2001 film), a Hindi film starring Sharman Joshi, Riya Sen, Sahil Khan and Shilpi Mudgal * ''Style'' (2002 film), a Tamil drama film * ''Style'' (2004 film), a Burmese film * '' ...

is longer than the tepal tube and is curved before its tip is released. When released, the tip of the style is a pollen-presenter. The fruit of hakeas is woody and persists on the plant until burned in a bushfire or until the plant dies. The fruit then splits open to release two winged seeds. Hakeas are similar to other plants in the Family Proteaceae, but have undivided leaves arranged alternately, sessile flowers arranged in loose groups in the axils of leaves or

s, unlike those in the '' Banksia''. Hakeas are similar to species of '' Grevillea'' but are distinguished from them in having persistent, woody fruits. (Those of grevilleas are not persistent and not woody. The upper and lower surfaces of the leaves of hakeas are similar (dissimilar in grevilleas), and the

ovary The ovary () is a gonad in the female reproductive system that produces ova; when released, an ovum travels through the fallopian tube/ oviduct into the uterus. There is an ovary on the left and the right side of the body. The ovaries are end ...

and style are glabrous (but hairy in grevilleas).

Taxonomy and naming

The genus ''Hakea'' was first formally described in 1797 by Heinrich Schrader and

Johann Christoph Wendland Johann Christoph Wendland (July 17, 1755 – July 27, 1828) was a German botanist and gardener born in Petit-Landau, Alsace. Family His son, Heinrich Wendland, Heinrich Ludolph Wendland (1791–1869), and his grandson, Hermann Wendland ( ...

and the description was published in '' Sertum Hannoveranum''. The genus is named after Baron Christian Ludwig von Hake, an 18th-century German patron of

botany Botany, also called plant science, is the branch of natural science and biology studying plants, especially Plant anatomy, their anatomy, Plant taxonomy, taxonomy, and Plant ecology, ecology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who s ...

Distribution

''Hakea'' are

to Australia, where they can be found in all six states. Some species, such as '' Hakea sericea,'' have been introduced elsewhere, where they have become naturalized and may be considered invasive. Introduced ''Hakea'' populations occur in

New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...

Norfolk Island Norfolk Island ( , ; ) is an States and territories of Australia, external territory of Australia located in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia, directly east of Australia's Evans Head, New South Wales, Evans Head and a ...

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. Its Provinces of South Africa, nine provinces are bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the Atlantic O ...

and

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it share ...

Horticulture

Hakeas are popular

ornamental plant Ornamental plants or ''garden plants'' are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars th ...

s in

garden A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The single feature identifying even the wildest wild garden is ''control''. The garden can incorporate bot ...

s in Australia, and in many locations are as common as grevilleas and banksias. Several hybrids and

cultivar A cultivar is a kind of Horticulture, cultivated plant that people have selected for desired phenotypic trait, traits and which retains those traits when Plant propagation, propagated. Methods used to propagate cultivars include division, root a ...

s have been developed, including ''Hakea'' 'Burrendong Beauty'. They are best grown in beds of light soil which are watered but still well drained. Some showy western species, such as '' Hakea multilineata'', '' H. francisiana'' and '' H. bucculenta'', require

grafting Grafting or graftage is a horticulture, horticultural technique whereby tissues of plants are joined so as to continue their growth together. The upper part of the combined plant is called the scion () while the lower part is called the roots ...

onto hardy stock such as '' Hakea salicifolia'' for growing in more humid climates, as they are sensitive to dieback. Many species, particularly eastern Australian species, are notable for their hardiness, to the point they have become weedy. '' Hakea gibbosa'', '' H. sericea'', and '' H. drupacea'' (previously ''H. suaveolens'') have been weeds in

, ''

Hakea laurina ''Hakea laurina'' is a shrub or small tree commonly known as kodjet or pin-cushion hakea and is endemism, endemic to Western Australia. The Noongar name for the plant is ''kodjet'' or ''kojet''. It has red and cream conspicuous globular flowers ...

'' has become naturalized in the eastern states of Australia and is considered an environmental weed, and '' Hakea salicifolia'', '' Hakea gibbosa'', and '' Hakea sericea'' are invasive weeds in

List of species

The following is a list of ''Hakea'' species recognised by the

Australian Plant Census The Australian Plant Census (APC) provides an online interface to currently accepted, published, scientific names of the vascular flora of Australia, as one of the output interfaces of the national government Integrated Biodiversity Information Sys ...

, except for '' Hakea asperma'' which is recognised by the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria: * '' Hakea actites'' W.R.Barker – mulloway needlebush, wallum hakea * '' Hakea aculeata'' A.S.George – column hakea * '' Hakea acuminata'' Haegi * '' Hakea adnata'' R.Br. * '' Hakea aenigma'' W.R.Barker & Haegi – enigma hakea * '' Hakea ambigua'' Meisn. * '' Hakea amplexicaulis'' R.Br. – prickly hakea * '' Hakea anadenia'' Haegi * '' Hakea arborescens'' R.Br. – common hakea, yellow hakea * '' Hakea archaeoides'' W.R.Barker *'' Hakea asperma'' Molyneux & Forrester – native dog hakea * '' Hakea auriculata'' Meisn. * '' Hakea bakeriana'' F.Muell. & Maiden * '' Hakea baxteri'' R.Br. – fan hakea * '' Hakea bicornata'' R.M.Barker * '' Hakea brachyptera'' Meisn. – short-winged hakea * '' Hakea brownii'' Meisn. – fan-leaf hakea * '' Hakea bucculenta'' C.A.Gardner – red pokers * '' Hakea candolleana'' Meisn. * '' Hakea carinata'' F.Muell. ex Meisn. * '' Hakea ceratophylla'' ( Sm.) R.Br. – horned-leaf hakea, staghorn hakea * '' Hakea chordophylla'' F.Muell. – bootlace oak, bootlace tree, corkwood, bull oak * '' Hakea chromatropa'' A.S.George & R.M.Barker * '' Hakea cinerea'' R.Br. * '' Hakea circumalata'' Meisn. * '' Hakea clavata'' Labill. – coastal hakea * '' Hakea collina'' C.T.White * '' Hakea commutata'' F.Muell. * '' Hakea conchifolia'' Hook.f. – shell-leaved hakea * '' Hakea constablei'' L.A.S.Johnson * '' Hakea corymbosa'' R.Br. – cauliflower hakea * '' Hakea costata'' Meisn. – ribbed hakea * '' Hakea cristata'' R.Br. * '' Hakea cucullata'' R.Br. – hood-leaved hakea, scallop hakea * '' Hakea cyclocarpa'' Lindl. – ramshorn hakea * '' Hakea cycloptera'' R.Br. * '' Hakea cygnus'' Lamont ** ''Hakea cygnus'' Lamont subsp. ''cygnus'' – swan-fruit hakea ** ''Hakea cygna'' subsp. ''needlei'' Lamont * '' Hakea dactyloides'' Gaertn. – finger hakea * '' Hakea decurrens'' R.Br. ** ''Hakea decurrens'' R.Br. subsp. ''decurrens'' ** ''Hakea decurrens'' subsp. ''physocarpa'' W.R.Barker ** ''Hakea decurrens'' subsp. ''platytaenia'' W.R.Barker * '' Hakea denticulata'' R.Br. – stinking Roger * '' Hakea divaricata'' L.A.S.Johnson – needlewood, corkbark tree, fork-leaved corkwood * '' Hakea dohertyi'' Haegi * '' Hakea drupacea'' ( C.F.Gaertn.) Roem. & Schult. * '' Hakea ednieana''

Tate Tate is an institution that houses, in a network of four art galleries, the United Kingdom's national collection of British art, and international modern and contemporary art. It is not a government institution, but its main sponsor is the UK ...

– Flinders Range hakea, yandena * '' Hakea elliptica'' ( Sm.) R.Br. – oval-leaf hakea * '' Hakea eneabba'' Haegi * '' Hakea epiglottis'' Labill. ** ''Hakea epiglottis'' Labill. subsp. ''epiglottis'' ** ''Hakea epiglottis'' subsp. ''milliganii'' ( Meisn.) R.M.Barker * '' Hakea erecta'' Lamont * '' Hakea eriantha'' R.Br. – tree hakea * '' Hakea erinacea'' Meisn. – hedgehog hakea, porcupine hakea * '' Hakea eyreana'' ( S.Moore) McGill – straggly corkbark * '' Hakea falcata'' R.Br. – sickle hakea * '' Hakea ferruginea'' Sweet * '' Hakea flabellifolia'' Meisn. – fan-leaved hakea, wedge hakea * '' Hakea florida'' R.Br. * '' Hakea florulenta'' Meisn. * ''

Hakea francisiana ''Hakea'' ( ) is a genus of about 150 species of Flowering plant, flowering plants in the Family (biology), family ''Proteaceae'', Endemism, endemic to Australia. They are shrubs or small trees with leaves that are sometimes flat, otherwise circu ...

'' F.Muell. – emu tree, grass-leaf hakea, bottlebrush hakea * '' Hakea fraseri'' R.Br. – corkwood oak * '' Hakea gibbosa'' ( Sm.) Cav. – hairy hakea, rock hakea * '' Hakea gilbertii'' Kippist * '' Hakea grammatophylla'' ( F.Muell.) F.Muell. * '' Hakea hastata'' Haegi * '' Hakea hookeriana'' Meisn. – Barren Range hakea * '' Hakea horrida'' R.M.Barker * '' Hakea ilicifolia'' R.Br. * '' Hakea incrassata'' R.Br. – marble hakea * '' Hakea invaginata'' B.L.Burtt * '' Hakea ivoryi'' F.M.Bailey – Ivory's hakea, corkwood, corkbark tree * '' Hakea kippistiana'' Meisn. * '' Hakea laevipes'' Gand. ** ''Hakea laevipes'' subsp. ''graniticola'' Haegi ** ''Hakea laevipes'' Gand. subsp. ''laevipes'' * '' Hakea lasiantha'' R.Br. – woolly-flowered hakea * '' Hakea lasianthoides'' Rye * '' Hakea lasiocarpha'' R.Br. – long-styled hakea * ''

'' R.Br. – kodjet, pin-cushion hakea, emu bush * '' Hakea lehmanniana'' Meisn. – blue hakea * '' Hakea leucoptera'' R.Br. – silver needlewood, needle hakea, pin bush, water tree, booldoobah ** ''Hakea leucoptera'' R.Br. subsp. ''leucoptera'' ** ''Hakea leucoptera'' subsp. ''sericipes'' W.R.Barker * '' Hakea linearis'' R.Br. * '' Hakea lissocarpha'' R.Br. – honey bush, honeybush hakea * '' Hakea lissosperma'' R.Br. – needle bush, mountain needlewood * '' Hakea longiflora'' (

Benth. George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studie ...

) R.M.Barker * '' Hakea loranthifolia'' Meisn. * '' Hakea lorea'' ( R.Br.) R.Br. – bootlace oak, cork tree ** ''Hakea lorea'' subsp. ''borealis'' W.R.Barker ** ''Hakea lorea'' ( R.Br.) R.Br. subsp. ''lorea'' * '' Hakea maconochieana'' Haegi * '' Hakea macraeana'' F.Muell. – willow needlewood, Macrae's hakea * '' Hakea macrocarpa'' A.Cunn. ex R.Br. – dogwood hakea * '' Hakea macrorrhyncha'' W.R.Barker * '' Hakea marginata'' R.Br. * '' Hakea megadenia'' R.M.Barker * '' Hakea megalosperma'' Meisn. – Lesueur hakea * '' Hakea meisneriana'' Kippist * '' Hakea microcarpa'' R.Br. – small-fruit hakea * '' Hakea minyma'' Maconochie * '' Hakea mitchellii'' Meisn. * '' Hakea multilineata'' Meisn. – grass-leaf hakea * '' Hakea myrtoides'' Meisn. – myrtle hakea * '' Hakea neospathulata'' (formerly ''spathulata'') * '' Hakea neurophylla'' Meisn. – pink-flowered hakea * '' Hakea newbeyana'' R.M.Barker * '' Hakea nitida'' R.Br. – frog hakea, shining hakea * '' Hakea nodosa'' R.Br. – yellow hakea * '' Hakea obliqua'' R.Br. – needles and corks ** ''Hakea obliqua'' R.Br. subsp. ''obliqua'' ** ''Hakea obliqua'' subsp. ''parviflora'' R.M.Barker * '' Hakea obtusa'' Meisn. * '' Hakea ochroptera'' W.R.Barker * '' Hakea oldfieldii''

* '' Hakea oleifolia'' ( Sm.) R.Br. – dungyn, olive-leaf hakea * '' Hakea oligoneura'' K.A.Sheph. & R.M.Barker * '' Hakea orthorrhyncha'' F.Muell. – bird beak hakea ** ''Hakea orthorrhyncha'' var. ''filiformis'' F.Muell. ex

** ''Hakea orthorrhyncha'' F.Muell. ex

var. ''orthorrhyncha'' * '' Hakea pachyphylla'' Sieber ex Spreng. * '' Hakea pandanicarpa'' R.Br. ** ''Hakea pandanicarpa'' subsp. ''crassifolia'' ( Meisn.) R.M.Barker ** ''Hakea pandanicarpa'' R.Br. subsp. ''pandanicarpa'' * '' Hakea pedunculata'' F.Muell. * '' Hakea pendens'' R.M.Barker * '' Hakea persiehana'' F.Muell. * '' Hakea petiolaris'' Meisn. – sea-urchin hakea ** ''Hakea petiolaris'' subsp. ''angusta'' Haegi ** ''Hakea petiolaris'' Meisn. subsp. ''petiolaris'' ** ''Hakea petiolaris'' subsp. ''trichophylla'' Haegi * '' Hakea platysperma'' Hook. – cricket ball hakea, woody peach * '' Hakea polyanthema'' Diels * '' Hakea preissii'' Meisn. – needle tree, needle bush, Christmas hakea * '' Hakea pritzelii'' Diels * '' Hakea propinqua'' A.Cunn. * '' Hakea prostrata'' R.Br. – harsh hakea * '' Hakea psilorrhyncha'' R.M.Barker * '' Hakea pulvinifera'' L.A.S.Johnson - Lake Keepit hakea * '' Hakea purpurea'' Hook. * '' Hakea pycnoneura'' Meisn. * '' Hakea recurva'' Meisn. – djarnokmurd ** ''Hakea recurva'' subsp. ''arida'' ( Diels) W.R.Barker & R.M.Barker ** ''Hakea recurva'' Meisn. subsp. ''recurva'' * '' Hakea repullulans'' H.M.Lee * '' Hakea rhombales'' F.Muell. – walukara * '' Hakea rigida'' C.A.Gardner ex Haegi * '' Hakea rostrata'' F.Muell. ex Meisn. * '' Hakea rugosa'' R.Br. – wrinkled hakea * '' Hakea ruscifolia'' Labill. – candle hakea * '' Hakea salicifolia'' ( Vent.) B.L.Burtt – willow-leaved hakea ** ''Hakea salicifolia'' subsp. ''angustifolia'' ( A.A.Ham.) W.R.Barker ** ''Hakea salicifolia'' ( Vent.) B.L.Burtt subsp. ''salicifolia'' * '' Hakea scoparia'' Meisn. ** ''Hakea scoparia'' Meisn. subsp. ''scoparia'' ** ''Hkea scoparia'' subsp. ''trycherica'' Haegi * '' Hakea sericea'' Schrad. & J.C.Wendl. – needlebush, silky hakea * '' Hakea smilacifolia'' Meisn. * '' Hakea standleyensis'' Maconochie * '' Hakea stenocarpa'' R.Br. * '' Hakea stenophylla'' A.Cunn. ex R.Br. ** ''Hakea stenophylla'' subsp. ''notialis'' R.M.Barker ** ''Hakea stenophylla'' A.Cunn. ex R.Br. subsp. ''stenophylla'' * '' Hakea strumosa'' Meisn. * '' Hakea subsulcata'' Meisn. * '' Hakea sulcata'' R.Br. * '' Hakea tephrosperma'' R.Br. – hooked needlewood * '' Hakea teretifolia'' ( Salisb.) Britten – dagger hakea * ''Hakea teretifolia'' subsp. ''hirsuta'' ( Endl.) R.M.Barker * ''Hakea teretifolia'' ( Salisb.) Britten subsp. ''teretifolia'' * '' Hakea trifurcata'' ( Sm.) R.Br. – two-leaf, two-leaved hakea, kerosine bush * '' Hakea trineura'' F.Muell. F.Muell. * '' Hakea tuberculata'' R.Br. * '' Hakea ulicina'' R.Br. - furze hakea (W.A.) * '' Hakea undulata'' R.Br. – wavy-leaved hakea * '' Hakea varia'' R.Br. –variable-leaved hakea * '' Hakea verrucosa'' F.Muell. * '' Hakea victoria'' J.Drumm. – lantern hakea, royal hakea * '' Hakea vittata'' R.Br.

References

External links

* *
The ''Hakea'' Page: index
Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants {{Taxonbar, from=Q141826 Proteaceae genera Proteales of Australia Endemic flora of Australia