Haemagogus Capricornii
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''Haemagogus'' is a genus of
mosquito Mosquitoes, the Culicidae, are a Family (biology), family of small Diptera, flies consisting of 3,600 species. The word ''mosquito'' (formed by ''Musca (fly), mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish and Portuguese for ''little fly''. Mos ...
es in the
diptera Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advance ...
n family
Culicidae Mosquitoes, the Culicidae, are a Family (biology), family of small Diptera, flies consisting of 3,600 species. The word ''mosquito'' (formed by ''Musca (fly), mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish and Portuguese for ''little fly''. Mos ...
. They mainly occur in
Central America Central America is a subregion of North America. Its political boundaries are defined as bordering Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. Central America is usually ...
and northern
South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...
(including
Trinidad Trinidad is the larger, more populous island of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, the country. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is the southernmost island in ...
), although some species inhabit forested areas of
Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...
, and range as far as northern
Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ...
. In the
Rio Grande Do Sul Rio Grande do Sul (, ; ; "Great River of the South") is a Federative units of Brazil, state in the South Region, Brazil, southern region of Brazil. It is the Federative units of Brazil#List, fifth-most populous state and the List of Brazilian s ...
area of Brazil, one species, ''H. leucocelaenus'', has been found carrying yellow fever virus. Several species have a distinct metallic sheen. Species of this genus are
vector Vector most often refers to: * Euclidean vector, a quantity with a magnitude and a direction * Disease vector, an agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism Vector may also refer to: Mathematics a ...
s in the transmission of sylvan or "jungle" yellow fever, which is often carried by
monkey Monkey is a common name that may refer to most mammals of the infraorder Simiiformes, also known as simians. Traditionally, all animals in the group now known as simians are counted as monkeys except the apes. Thus monkeys, in that sense, co ...
s in the
forest A forest is an ecosystem characterized by a dense ecological community, community of trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, ...
canopies. ''Haemagogus'' species have also been found to carry the Mayaro virus and Ilheus virus. As these mosquitoes, in general, have relatively long lives, they can transmit viruses for long periods. They tend to live in the canopy of forests, where the female lays eggs in between layers of tree bark or in cut
bamboo Bamboos are a diverse group of mostly evergreen perennial plant, perennial flowering plants making up the subfamily (biology), subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae. Giant bamboos are the largest members of the grass family, in th ...
. The eggs adhere to the surface and when submerged by rain water develop into
larva A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase ...
e.


Species

*'' Haemagogus acutisentis'' Arnell, 1973 *'' Haemagogus aeritinctus'' Galindo & Trapido, 1967 *'' Haemagogus albomaculatus'' Theobald, 1903 *'' Haemagogus anastasionis'' Dyar, 1921 *'' Haemagogus andinus'' Osorno-Mesa, 1944 *'' Haemagogus argyromeris'' Dyar & Ludlow, 1921 *'' Haemagogus baresi'' Cerqueira, 1960 *'' Haemagogus boshelli'' Osorno-Mesa, 1944 *'' Haemagogus capricornii'' Lutz, 1904 *'' Haemagogus celeste'' Dyar & Nunez Tovar, 1926 *'' Haemagogus chalcospilans'' Dyar, 1921 *'' Haemagogus chrysochlorus'' Arnell, 1973 *'' Haemagogus clarki'' Galindo, Carpenter and Trapido, 1952 *'' Haemagogus equinus'' Theobald, 1903 ''Haemagogus equinus'' Theobald, 1903. Integrated Taxonomic Information System, https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=126524#null. *'' Haemagogus iridicolor'' Dyar, 1921 *'' Haemagogus janthinomys'' Dyar, 1921 *'' Haemagogus leucocelaenus'' Dyar & Shannon, 1924 *'' Haemagogus leucophoebus'' Galindo, Carpenter and Trapido, 1952 *'' Haemagogus leucotaeniatus'' Komp, 1938 *'' Haemagogus lucifer'' Howard, Dyar & Knab, 1912 *'' Haemagogus mesodentatus'' Komp & Kumm, 1938 *'' Haemagogus nebulosus'' Arnell, 1973 *'' Haemagogus panarchys'' Dyar, 1921 *'' Haemagogus regalis'' Dyar & Knab, 1906 *'' Haemagogus soperi'' Levi-Castillo, 1955 *''
Haemagogus spegazzinii ''Haemagogus'' is a genus of mosquitoes in the dipteran family Culicidae. They mainly occur in Central America and northern South America (including Trinidad), although some species inhabit forested areas of Brazil, and range as far as northern ...
'' Brethes, 1912 *'' Haemagogus splendens'' Williston, 1896 *'' Haemagogus tropicalis'' Cerqueira & Antunes, 1938


Yellow fever epidemics involving ''Haemagogus'' species

The discovery in 1953 by two scientists from the
Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory The Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory (T.R.V.L.) was established in Port of Spain, in 1953 by the Rockefeller Foundation in co-operation with the Government of Trinidad and Tobago. It was originally housed in an old wooden army barracks near the d ...
of a sick Red Howler monkey that was found to be suffering from yellow fever provided the first indication that yellow fever was still
endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...
in Trinidad although there had not been a case reliably reported from Trinidad since an outbreak in 1914. Blood specimens taken from over 4,500 humans in late 1953 and early 1954 and checked to detect the presence of a wide variety of known viruses showed that 15% had antibodies to the yellow fever virus. A form of the disease, termed "jungle yellow fever", was shown to be carried by Red Howler monkeys ('' Alouatta seniculus insulanus'' Elliot) that provided a continuous reservoir for the disease, which was then spread by the ''Haemagogus s. spegazzini'' mosquito which normally inhabits rainforest regions, both at ground level and in the treetops. After government felling of large stands of native forest, yellow fever was isolated from a patient from Cumaca in the northern range in 1954. The infection soon spread to other
human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus ''Homo''. They are Hominidae, great apes characterized by their Prehistory of nakedness and clothing ...
s and into the ''
Aedes aegypti ''Aedes aegypti'' ( or from Greek 'hateful' and from Latin, meaning 'of Egypt'), sometimes called the Egyptian mosquito, dengue mosquito or yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that spreads diseases like dengue fever, yellow fever, malar ...
'' mosquito population, greatly increasing transmission. Warnings were made that an epidemic was imminent and Dr. Wilbur Downs and Dr. A. E. (Ted) Hill, a specialist in
tropical medicine Tropical medicine is an interdisciplinary branch of medicine that deals with health issues that occur uniquely, are more widespread, or are more difficult to control in tropical and subtropical regions. Physicians in this field diagnose and tr ...
, began a program of inoculating health workers and stockpiling vaccine. Trinidad health authorities followed up with large-scale vaccination and intensive anti-''aegypti'' measures including public education, regular inspection for breeding sites, and spraying of domestic residences with
DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as DDT, is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless crystalline chemical compound, an organochloride. Originally developed as an insecticide, it became infamous for its environmental impacts. ...
. In spite of these measures, and the fact that an estimated 80% of the population of
Port of Spain Port of Spain ( ; Trinidadian and Tobagonian English, Trinidadian English: ''Port ah Spain'' ) is the capital and chief port of Trinidad and Tobago. With a municipal population of 49,867 (2017), an urban population of 81,142 and a transient dail ...
were immune to yellow fever and dengue, several more cases were soon reported. Most probably due to the health measures taken, it did not develop into a widespread epidemic in Trinidad itself. An attempt was made to totally quarantine the island just before Christmas, 1954, but the disease spread to the nearby mainland of
Venezuela Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many Federal Dependencies of Venezuela, islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It com ...
and, from there, all the way to southern Mexico, probably killing several thousand people in the process. In 1998 an epidemic of yellow fever killed many Howler monkeys near the city of
Altamira, Pará Altamira is one of one hundred and forty-four municipalities in the state of Pará, in northern Brazil. It has an area of , making it the largest municipality by area both in Pará state and Brazil, and until 2009 it was the world's largest muni ...
in the eastern
Amazon basin The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributary, tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries ...
, in Brazil. The virus was isolated in specimens of '' Haemagogus janthinomys'' mosquitoes.


Footnotes


References

* ''The Arthropod-borne Viruses of Vertebrates: An Account of The Rockefeller Foundation Virus program 1951-1970.'' 1973. Max Theiler and W. G. Downs. Yale University. . * ''Global Mapping of Infectious Diseases: Methods, Examples and Emerging Applications''. (1963). Edited by S. I. Hay, Alastair Graham, David J. Rogers. Updated edition with DVD 2007. Academic Press; Pbk/Dvdr R edition. .


External links


''Haemagogus'' at Encyclopedia of Life
*
World Health Report on Yellow Fever
{{Taxonbar, from1=Q5219942 Aedini Mosquito genera Taxa named by Samuel Wendell Williston