''Haaniella'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of the

Phasmatodea The Phasmatodea (also known as Phasmida or Phasmatoptera) are an Order (biology), order of insects whose members are variously known as stick insects, stick bugs, walkingsticks, stick animals, or bug sticks. They are also occasionally referred ...

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Heteropterygidae The Heteropterygidae is a family (biology), family of Phasmatodea, stick insects belonging to the suborder Euphasmatodea. Species can be found in Australasia, East Asia, East and Southeast Asia. About 150 valid species have been described (at the ...

from

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...

Characteristics

The species of the genus ''Haaniella'' reach a body length of 4.5 to 16.5 cm in the female sex. The males, which are 2.5 to 9.8 cm in length, are always smaller and have a slimmer

abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the gut, belly, tummy, midriff, tucky, or stomach) is the front part of the torso between the thorax (chest) and pelvis in humans and in other vertebrates. The area occupied by the abdomen is called the abdominal ...

than the females, whose abdomen, especially in the middle, is wider than the rest of the body. In females, as in all members of the subfamily

Heteropteryginae Heteropterygini is the only Tribe (biology), tribe within the subfamily of the Heteropteryginae (family Heteropterygidae; order Phasmatodea). With 19 representatives described, this subfamily includes the fewest species of the three subfamilies, ...

, the abdomen ends in a secondary

ovipositor The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typica ...

, which surrounds the actual ovipositor. The fore wings (

tegmina A tegmen (: tegmina) designates the modified leathery front wing on an insect particularly in the orders Dermaptera (earwigs), Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets and similar families), Mantodea (praying mantis), Phasmatodea (stick and leaf insec ...

) of the

adult An adult is an animal that has reached full growth. The biological definition of the word means an animal reaching sexual maturity and thus capable of reproduction. In the human context, the term ''adult'' has meanings associated with social an ...

females only just reach the abdomen. They also end at this height in the males of most species. Only the wings of males of '' Haaniella aculeata'', '' Haaniella glaber'' and '' Haaniella mecheli'' are significantly longer and have a similar wing construction as those of ''

Heteropteryx dilatata ''Heteropteryx'' is a monotypic genus of stick insects containing ''Heteropteryx dilatata'' as the only described species. and gives its name to the family of the Heteropterygidae. Their only species may be known as jungle nymph, Malaysian stic ...

''. Their narrow fore wings cover half or part of almost the entire abdomen. The hind wings below are usually even longer. In the short-winged representatives, the also very short hind wings are completely covered by the forewings and are converted into stridulation organs, which are used for defense stridulation. Characteristic of the species living on

Borneo Borneo () is the List of islands by area, third-largest island in the world, with an area of , and population of 23,053,723 (2020 national censuses). Situated at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, it is one of the Greater Sunda ...

, i.e. '' Haaniella dehaanii'', '' Haaniella echinata'', '' Haaniella grayii'', '' Haaniella saussurei'' and '' Haaniella scabra'' are the strongly colored intermediate membranes in the area of the hind and middle coxae and in some cases the membranes between the abdominal

sternite The sternum (: sterna) is the ventral portion of a segment of an arthropod thorax or abdomen. In insects, the sterna are usually single, large sclerites, and external. However, they can sometimes be divided in two or more, in which case the su ...

s, especially in the youth stages. These are usually colored in a species-specific manner. Many ''Haaniella'' species can be distinguished from each other in particular by the arrangement of their spines (acanthotaxy).

Distribution area

The main distribution areas of the previously known species are

Sumatra Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of islands by area, sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi. ...

, where ten species are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...

and Borneo with five endemic species. Further representatives can be found on the

Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula is located in Mainland Southeast Asia. The landmass runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, it is the southernmost point of the Asian continental mainland. The area contains Peninsular Malaysia, Southern Tha ...

, in

Singapore Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in Southeast Asia. The country's territory comprises one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet. It is about one degree ...

and the island

Simeulue Simeulue is an island of Indonesia, off the west coast of Sumatra. It covers an area of 1,754 square kilometre (677 square miles), including minor offshore islands. It had a population of 80,674 at the 2010 census and 92,865 at the 2020 census ...

. With South

Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...

the distribution area of '' Haaniella gorochovi'' is a specialty.
Most of the species inhabit

tropical rainforests Tropical rainforests are dense and warm rainforests with high rainfall typically found between 10° north and south of the Equator. They are a subset of the tropical forest biome that occurs roughly within the 28° latitudes (in the torrid z ...

from the plains up to an altitude of 800 m. ''Haaniella scabra'', on the other hand, is a mountain species and is native to cooler altitudes between 1000 and 1800 m. The location of '' Haaniella gintingi'' is also relatively high. The species was discovered by Jimmy Gideon Ginting in November 2010 in northern Sumatra near

Mount Sibayak Mount Sibayak () is a stratovolcano overlooking the town of Berastagi in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. Although its last eruption was more than a century ago, geothermal activity in the form of steam vents and hot springs remains high on and aro ...

at an altitude of 1400 to 1600 m.

Way of life and reproduction

The females lay their relatively large eggs several centimeters deep in the ground using the ovipositor. With a length of up to 12 mm and a weight of almost 0.3 g, ''Haaniella echinata'' produces the largest known phasmid eggs. The eggs have a diagonal cross-shaped micropylar plate. In the lower angle of which the micropyle is located. In many species, the surface of the eggs is rough and bristled. The eggs of other species, on the other hand, are rather smooth and hairless. The

nymphs A nymph (; ; sometimes spelled nymphe) is a minor female nature deity in ancient Greek folklore. Distinct from other Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature; they are typically tied to a specific place, land ...

hatch after 6 to 18 months, depending on the species and environmental conditions. Growing up to

imago In biology, the imago (Latin for "image") is the last stage an insect attains during its metamorphosis, its process of growth and development; it is also called the ''imaginal'' stage ("imaginal" being "imago" in adjective form), the stage in wh ...

also takes 6 to 18 months, with some representatives like '' Haaniella erringtoniae'' being the species with the shortest known development time with six months to hatching and a further six months to imago. Many other ''Haaniella'' species not only take longer to develop, but also reach a significantly older age. Oskar V. Conle was able to document an age of more than five years in a female wild caught by ''Haaniella scabra''.

Taxonomy

Type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

of the genus is '' Haaniella muelleri'', more precisely its

basionym In the scientific name of organisms, basionym or basyonym means the original name on which a new name is based; the author citation of the new name should include the authors of the basionym in parentheses. The term "basionym" is used in both botan ...

''Phasma muelleri''. The genus was founded in 1904 by

William Forsell Kirby William Forsell Kirby (14 January 1844 – 20 November 1912) was an English entomologist and folklorist. He specialized in the study of the stick insects, describing nearly 70 species and 22 genera. His collection filled 120 cabinets and clai ...

in honor of the

Dutch Dutch or Nederlands commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands ** Dutch people as an ethnic group () ** Dutch nationality law, history and regulations of Dutch citizenship () ** Dutch language () * In specific terms, i ...

zoologist Zoology ( , ) is the scientific study of animals. Its studies include the structure, embryology, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. Zoology is one ...

Wilhem de Haan Wilhem de Haan (7 February 1801 in Amsterdam – 15 April 1855 in Leiden) was a Dutch zoologist. He specialised in the study of insects and crustaceans, including aquatic arthropods, and was the first keeper of invertebrates at the Rijksmuseum i ...

who had described the type species. Kirby transferred a number of already described species from the genus ''

Heteropteryx ''Heteropteryx'' is a monotypic genus of stick insects containing ''Heteropteryx dilatata'' as the only described species. and gives its name to the family of the Heteropterygidae. Their only species may be known as jungle nymph, Malaysian stic ...

'' into this genus, which became monotypical.
For many decades ''Haaniella erringtoniae'', ''Haaniella glaber'', ''Haaniella mecheli'' and '' Haaniella rosenbergii'' have been used as

synonyms A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means precisely or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are a ...

considered to ''Haaniella muelleri''. This synonymization was canceled through an extensive publication by Frank H. Hennemann

et al References Notes References Further reading * * External links * {{Latin phrases E ...

from 2016, in which five more species were newly described. In addition, '' Haaniella parva'' transferred to the genus ''Miniopteryx'' in 2004 was transferred back to ''Haaniella'', whereby ''Miniopteryx'' became a synonym for ''Haaniella''. A classification into three species groups has been proposed for the genus. To the ''Echinata'' species group were assigned ''Haaniella echinata'', ''Haaniella saussurei'' and ''Haaniella scabra'' from Borneo, to the ''Grayii'' species group ''Haaniella grayii'' and ''Haaniella dehaanii'', as well as ''Haaniella gorochovi'' and ''Haaniella parva'' that do not occur in Borneo. All other species, all of which do not come from Borneo, were assigned to the ''Muelleri'' species group.
This classification could not be confirmed by a paper by Sarah Bank et al. published in 2021. To clarify the

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree or phylogeny is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or Taxon, taxa during a specific time.Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, M ...

of the

four

mitochondrial genes Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is a small portion of the DNA contained in ...

and three

gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei ...

s from the

cell nucleus The cell nucleus (; : nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryote, eukaryotic cell (biology), cells. Eukaryotic cells usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types, such as mammalian red blood cells, have #Anucleated_cells, ...

were examined. The result showed that the representatives of the

Heteropterygini Heteropterygini is the only tribe within the subfamily of the Heteropteryginae (family Heteropterygidae; order Phasmatodea). With 19 representatives described, this subfamily includes the fewest species of the three subfamilies, but includes the ...

form a common

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

, but the genus ''Heteropteryx'' is phylogenetically placed in the middle of several lines of species currently listed in ''Haaniella''. Following this, either ''Haaniella'' would have to be split up into several genera or withdrawn in favor of the previously described genus ''Heteropteryx''.
In 2018,

Francis Seow-Choen Francis may refer to: People and characters *Pope Francis, head of the Catholic Church (2013–2025) *Francis (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters *Francis (surname) * Francis, a character played by YouTuber Boogie29 ...

described ''Haaniella parva muiengae'', another subspecies to the

nominate subspecies In biological classification, subspecies (: subspecies) is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics ( morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. ...

of ''Haaniella parva''. In the same work he described with '' Haaniella azlini'', a species that is very similar to ''Haaniella gintingi''. Further subspecies described and revalidated Seow-Choen in 2020. The following species and subspecies are counted under ''Haaniella'': * '' Haaniella aculeata'' Hennemann, Conle, Brock & Seow-Choen, 2016 ** ''Haaniella aculeata aculeata'' Hennemann, Conle, Brock & Seow-Choen, 2016 ** ''Haaniella aculeata longipennis'' Seow-Choen, 2020 * '' Haaniella azlini'' Seow-Choen, 2018 * '' Haaniella dehaanii'' ( Westwood, 1859)
( syn. = ''Heteropteryx dipsacus'' Redtenbacher, 1906) * '' Haaniella echinata'' (Redtenbacher, 1906) * '' Haaniella erringtoniae'' (Redtenbacher, 1906) * '' Haaniella gintingi'' Hennemann, Conle, Brock & Seow-Choen, 2016 * '' Haaniella glaber'' (Redtenbacher, 1906)
(syn. = ''Haaniella muelleri simplex'' Günther, 1944) * '' Haaniella gorochovi'' Hennemann, Conle, Brock & Seow-Choen, 2016 * '' Haaniella grayii'' (Westwood, 1859)
(syn. = ''Heteropteryx australe''

Kirby Kirby may refer to: Buildings * Kirby Building, a skyscraper in Dallas, Texas, United States * Kirby Lofts, a building in Houston, Texas, United States * Kirby Hall, an Elizabethan country house near Corby, Northamptonshire, England * Kirby Ho ...

, 1896) * '' Haaniella jacobsoni'' Günther, 1944 * ''

Haaniella kerincia ''Haaniella'' is a genus of the Phasmatodea family (biology), family Heteropterygidae from Southeast Asia. Characteristics The species of the genus ''Haaniella'' reach a body length of 4.5 to 16.5 cm in the female sex. The males, which ar ...

'' Hennemann, Conle, Brock, Seow-Choen & Gorochov, 2016 * '' Haaniella mecheli'' (Redtenbacher, 1906) ** ''Haaniella mecheli mecheli'' (Redtenbacher, 1906) ** ''Haaniella mecheli macroptera'' Hennemann, Conle, Brock & Seow-Choen, 2016 * '' Haaniella muelleri'' ( de Haan, 1842) * '' Haaniella parva'' Günther, 1944 ** ''Haaniella parva parva'' Günther, 1944 ** ''Haaniella parva muiengae'' Seow-Choen, 2020 * '' Haaniella rosenbergii'' ( Kaup, 1871) ** ''Haaniella rosenbergii rosenbergii'' (Kaup, 1871) ** ''Haaniella rosenbergii novaeguineae'' Günther, 1930 ** ''Haaniella rosenbergii subulussalama'' Seow-Choen, 2020 * '' Haaniella saussurei'' Kirby, 1904
(syn. = ''Haaniella echidna'' Rehn, J.W.H., 1938)
(syn. = ''Heteropteryx grayi'' Saussure, 1869)
(syn. = ''Heteropteryx saussurei'' Redtenbacher, 1906) * '' Haaniella scabra'' (Redtenbacher, 1906)

Human use

Some

indigenous peoples There is no generally accepted definition of Indigenous peoples, although in the 21st century the focus has been on self-identification, cultural difference from other groups in a state, a special relationship with their traditional territ ...

are known to eat the very large eggs of some ''Haaniella'' species. These are not only valued for their high

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metab ...

content, but are also said to help against diarrhea when cooked. From the genus ''Haaniella'' there are some species in breeding by the phasmid enthusiasts. The

Phasmid Study Group The Phasmid Study Group is a group for professional and amateur entomologists who are interested in the order Phasmatodea, i.e. stick and leaf insects, known as "phasmids", as well as other interested persons. Over 40 species A species () is ...

has seven species in its culture list, the

- Belgian Phasma workgroup eight species, some of them in several origin stocks. After ''Haaniella echinata'' (PSG number 26) was introduced as the first one in 1979, the other species native to Borneo followed. So in 1984 came ''Haaniella scabra'' (PSG number 70), in 1990 ''Haaniella grayii'' (PSG number 125) and ''Haaniella dehaanii'' (PSG number 126) and finally in 1994 ''Haaniella saussurei'' (PSG number 177) in the terrariums of European terrarieaner. Also in the early 1990s, ''Haaniella erringtoniae'' was introduced from the Malay Peninsula, first called ''Haaniella muelleri''. Also ''Haaniella gintingi'', which before it was described being called as ''Haaniella'' sp. 'Sibayak' was introduced in 2011 and was successfully bred by

Bruno Kneubühler Bruno Kneubühler (born 3 December 1946) is a Swiss former professional Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He competed in the Grand Prix motorcycle racing world championships from 1972 to 1989. During his career, he competed in every Grand Prix cl ...

. In 2014 ''Haaniella gorochovi'', first known as ''Haaniella'' sp. ' Bidoup Nui Ba' from Vietnam as the eighth species introduced to Europe and in breeding under PSG number 404. The breeding of ''Haaniella'' species is generally considered to be a bit tricky due to its slow development. Although the insects accept most forage plants without any problems, they tend to have diarrhea in spring and early summer when feeding on leaves that are too fresh, which can lead to the total loss of entire breeding stocks. In addition, the long development time of the brittle and sometimes shock-sensitive eggs often leads to low hatching rates, since constant or optimal conditions for incubation must be guaranteed over a long period of time.

Gallery

Haaniella dehaanii female.JPG, '' Haaniella dehaanii'', fresh adult female Stick Insects (Haaniella echinata) mating (23171676042).jpg, '' Haaniella echinata'', pair Haaniella sp Sibayak pair.jpg, '' Haaniella gintingi'' '

Sibayak Mount Sibayak () is a stratovolcano overlooking the town of Berastagi in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. Although its last eruption was more than a century ago, geothermal activity in the form of steam vents and hot springs remains high on and aro ...

', pair Haaniella gorochovi mating.JPG, '' Haaniella gorochovi'' ' Bidoup Nui Ba', pair Haaniella grayii Pärchen 2.jpg, '' Haaniella grayii'', pair Haaniella sp? (36877193371).jpg, '' Haaniella parva'', male Haaniella saussurei Männchen.jpg, '' Haaniella saussurei'', male Haaniella scabra - pair.JPG, '' Haaniella scabra'', pair

References

Robertson, J. A.; Bradler, S. & Whiting, M. F. (2018).
Evolution of Oviposition Techniques in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea)
', ''Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution'' Bank, S.; Buckley, T. R.; Büscher, T. H.; Bresseel, J.; Constant, J.; de Haan, M.; Dittmar, D.; Dräger, H.; Kahar, R. S.; Kang, A.; Kneubühler, B.; Langton-Myers, S. & Bradler, S. (2021)
Reconstructing the nonadaptive radiation of an ancient lineage of ground-dwelling stick insects (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae)
''Systematic Entomology'', DOI: 10.1111/syen.12472 Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. W.
Phasmida Species File Online
Version 5.0./5.0 (accessdate 20 June 2021) Dräger, H. (Dec 2011). Gespenstschrecken der Familie Heteropterygidae Kirby, 1896 (Phasmatodea) – ein Überblick über bisher gehaltene Arten, Teil 1: Die Unterfamilie Heteropteryginae Kirby, 1896, ''ZAG Phoenix'', Nr. 4 Jahrgang 2(2), pp. 38–61, Seiler, C; Bradler, S. & Koch, R. (2000). Phasmiden – Pflege und Zucht von Gespenstschrecken, Stabschrecken und Wandelnden Blättern im Terrarium. bede, Ruhmannsfelden, Zompro, O. (2000). Gespenstschrecken der Familie Heteropterygidae im Terrarium, ''Reptilia - Terraristik Fachmagazin'', Nr. 24, August/September 2000, Natur und Tier - Verlag, Münster Seow-Choen, F. (2018). A Taxonomic Guide to the Stick Insects of Sumatra Vol. 1, Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, pp. 603–650, Bragg, P. E. (2001).Phasmids of Borneo, Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, Dräger, H. & Kneubühler, B. (2013). Nachzucht einer neuen Gespenstschrecke aus Sumatra: Haaniella sp. "Sibayak", ''Bugs - Das Wirbellosenmagazin'', Nr. 2, June/July/August 2013, Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, pp. 50–53 Kneubühler, B. au
Phasmatodea.com
about ''Haaniella gintingi'' 'Sibayak' Bruins, E. (2006). Illustrierte Terrarien Enzyklopädie, Dörfler Verlag, Eggolsheim, pp. 75–77, Phasmatodea.com
von Oskar V. Conle Frank H. Hennemann, Bruno Kneubühler & Pablo Valero Kirby, W. F. (1904)
A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. 1. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae)
pp. 396–400 Seow-Choen, F. (2020). A Taxonomic Guide to the Stick Insects of Sumatra Vol. 2, Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, pp. 321–380, Hennemann, F. H.; Conle, O. V.; Brock, P. D. & Seow-Choen, F. (2016). Revision of the Oriental subfamiliy Heteropteryginae Kirby, 1896, with a re-arrangement of the family Heteropterygidae and the descriptions of five new species of Haaniella Kirby, 1904. (Phasmatodea: Areolatae: Heteropterygidae), ''Zootaxa'' 4159 (1), Magnolia Press, Auckland, New Zealand, Culture List
on the

website

External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q291449 Phasmatodea Phasmatodea genera Phasmatodea of Asia