HMS Sappho (1837)

HMS ''Sappho'' was a Royal Navy brig that gained public notoriety for causing a diplomatic incident over the slave trade with the United States of America and then went missing off the Australian coast in 1857–58.

Construction and service career

''Sappho'', one of a class of nine-second-class brigs, was built at the Plymouth Dockyard and over her 20-year career she was variously armed with 16 and later 12 guns. ''Sappho'' was the second Royal Navy vessel to be named after the famous Greek poet Sappho of the 6th and 7th century B.C., the first, a slightly smaller ''Star''-class brig, having been broken up in 1830.

''Sappho'' was one of a large number of warships designed by Sir William Symonds that were intended to be both very fast under sail and carry heavy firepower. One of the main drivers for their design was the suppression of slavery. During her 20-year career, ''Sappho'' was engaged in four commissions: West Indies and North American Station (1837–1842), Africa and Cape of Good Hope Stations (1843–1847), West Indies and North America Station (1849–1852) and African Station (1856–1857). Suppression of slavery was the main duty on the African and West Indies stations. On 6 December 1849 ^{/sup>, ''Sappho'' stranded on a cay in the Gulf of Honduras but was later refloated. Commander Mitchell was court martialled and dismissed from his ship. This was reported to have been harsh as most of his senior officers were dead or in hospital due to (alleged) Yellow Fever and Mitchell was still suffering with a broken arm from a gunnery accident.}

Diplomatic incident

''Sappho'' left Portsmouth in March 1856 with a crew of about 140 under the command of Commander Fairfax Moresby, eldest son of Admiral Sir Fairfax Moresby, to be part of a British squadron patrolling the coast of West Africa to suppress the slave trade.

On 9 May 1857, ''Sappho'' seized the American barque ''Panchita'' at Porto de Lenha on the Congo River, commanded by Captain Sladden. Lieutenant Ireland and 12 men were transferred to ''Panchita'' and she was sailed to New York under arrest, arriving on 9 July. On the following day, the owner – J. P. Weeks – brought suit against the prize crew on the grounds of unlawful seizure, as a result of which they were arrested, and held in bail to $15,000. Ultimately, the American courts found for the owners, although compensation had not been settled over two years later. The incident was also raised in the United States Congress.

On 10 September ''Sappho'' legally intercepted a schooner preparing to board slaves, and burned her. On 18 September ''Sappho'' legally engaged a much larger slaver, the full-rigged ship ''Charles'' of New Orleans, about from Loanda, Portuguese West Africa, and drove it ashore – about 380 slaves were rescued but about 150 were drowned. The Royal Navy later awarded prize money to the crew of ''Sappho'' for this capture.

Disappearance of ''Sappho''

Commander Moresby was censured for his handling of the ''Panchita'' incident and ''Sappho'' was ordered to proceed to the Australian Station. She sailed from the Cape of Good Hope for Sydney on 8 January 1858 but failed to arrive. As she was not expected in Sydney, her non-appearance caused no concern until late in the year. In October 1858, Admiral W Loring in Sydney was informed that ''Sappho'' had been seen by the crew of the schooner ''Yarrow'' off Cape Bridgewater, Victoria at the western entrance to Bass Strait on 18 February. Extensive searches by a number of vessels including HMS ''Elk'' and HMVS ''Victoria'' failed to find any trace of the missing vessel.

Late in 1858, rumours began spreading in England that the vessel had been wrecked on "an island off the coast of Australia," that some survivors had been rescued and that Capt. Moresby had gone insane. These rumours did the rounds of the international press for over a year as they were picked up and passed along. There was no truth to any of these rumours.

Cause of the disaster

Naval authorities believed it most likely that ''Sappho'' had hit one of the many rocks and islets in Bass Strait and foundered with all hands. Modern reconstructions of events believe it more likely that she capsized during gales that lashed Bass Strait on the days immediately after she was last seen. Naval brigs such as ''Sappho'' were unstable due to the combination of fine hull-lines, heavy armament and high sail area. Between 1856 and 1860, three similar vessels went missing without trace and a fourth, HMS ''Camilla'', capsized off the West Coast of Africa on 9 May 1859 with the loss of about 50 of her crew.

The Apollo Bay Historical Society asserts on its Historical Shipwrecks Roll of Honour that ''Sappho'' disappeared in between Cape Otway and Cape Patton, off the Victoria Coast near the Otway Ranges. They are unsure as to how this claim is made, although residents of the townships at Wye River and Kennett River claim to be descendants of a ship of the Royal Navy.

References

2. UK National Archives, ADM53/4006, Ships Log
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*Don Love, ''Shipwrecks on the South Gippsland Coast''.
*''New York Times'' newspaper, various dates.

External links

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sappho (1837)
Brigs of the Royal Navy
Bass Strait
International maritime incidents
Ships built in Plymouth, Devon
Shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean
Missing ships
1837 ships
Maritime incidents in December 1849
Maritime incidents in May 1857
Maritime incidents in February 1858
Otway Ranges
Ships lost with all hands
Racer-class brig-sloop
Maritime incidents in September 1857